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Sifat Kelistrikan Batuan

dan Log resistivity


Principle

• Resistivity : The degree to which the subsurface resist flow of


current to pass through
• Basic About Resistivity
• Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity
• Measures resistance of flow of electric current
• Is function of porosity and pore in fluid rock
• Resistivity measures the electric properties of the formation
• The ability to conduct electric current depends upon :
• The volume of water
• The temperature of the formation
• The salinity of the formation
Sifat kelistrikan mineral dan kandungan pori
• Sebahagian besar mineral
penyusun batuan khususnya
silikat dan karbonat memilki
resistivitas spesifik yang tinggi (
>109 ) dan digolongkan sebagai
insulator.
• Mineral konduktif termasuk jarang
ditemukan dalam kerak bumi,
karena hanya terbatas pada
sulfida, beberapa oxida dan
elemen-elemen murni Range of resistivity values in the earth

Since most sedimentary rock minerals are very poor conductors (or good insulators), how does electric current flow
through a rock? Many investigations have shown that most of the current flows through the water in the pores and not
through the rock material
• Pure water is also a very poor conductor.
• If salt is added to water, the solution becomes more conductive. Current is
conducted through water by ions formed from the salt in solution in the
water.
• The more ions present in the solution, the more conductive the solution
will be. Since most natural waters in rocks contain salts of various kinds, the
majority of natural waters are conductive.
Fluid in Pore
• Dalam banyak kasus konduksi ionik air pori merupakan mekanisme konduksi
yang dominan dalam sebuah pori atau batuan retak dan resistivitas listrik
spesifik utamanya dikontrol oleh:
• 1. Tipe, konsentrasi, dan temperatur elektrolit dalam pori,
• 2. Fraksi volume (porositas, saturasi) dan distribusi elektrolit dalam batuan.
dengan melibatkan sifat kelistrikan, kita mempunyai dua tipe utama untuk
fluida pori.
• 1. Air : konduktif
• 2. Minyak, gas : non kondukt
Fluid in Pore
• The equation for the resistance of a one meter
cube to current flow through two parallel faces
can be written:
Resistance of cube of water = resistivity of water *
length / area
• If length and area both equal 1, then:
Resistance (ohm) = RW (ohm - meter)
where
RW = resistivity of water (ohm-m)
Log Resistivity
• Resistivity logging is a method of well logging that works by characterizing
the rock or sediment in a borehole by measuring its electrical resistivity.
• Resistivity profiles around Borehole
• Formation water is typically saline and normally has a low Rw.
• Water used in drilling mud may be saline or fresh Fresh water has a high Rmf.
• The resistivity profile around a borehole depends on whether the mud uses fresh or
saline water or is oil based.
Log Responses due to Lithology
• Adanya ‘irisan’ nilai resistivitas antara jenis batuan sedimen. Hal ini mengakibatkan
interpretasi batuan berdasarkan nilai log resistivitas merupakan pekerjaan yang sangat
sulit.
• Didalam pengukuran resistivity log, biasanya terdapat tiga jenis ‘penetrasi’ resistivity,
yakni shallow (borehole), medium (invaded zone) dan deep (virgin) penetration.
• Perbedaan kedalaman penetrasi ini dimaksudkan untuk menghindari salah tafsir pada
pembacaan log resistivity karena mud invasion (efek lumpur pengeboran) dan bahkan
dapat mempelajari sifat mobilitas minyak.
• Log pada zona resistivitas ada tiga macam, yaitu:
1. Log Deep Resistivity
2. Log Medium Resistivity
3. Log Shallow Resistivity (MSFL dan SFLU)
Log Deep Resistivity
• Log Deep Resistivity yaitu Log yang digunakan untuk mengukur resistivitas
pada zona uninvated / zona yang tidak terinfasi,
• Rentangnya sekitar > 3 feet, dimana log ini terbagi menjadi dua macam
berdasarkan lumpur yang digunakan saat pemboran, yaitu :
- Induction Deep Log ( ILD ), yang mana digunakan jika lumpur yang
digunakan fresh water base mud ( air tawar )
- Lateral Deep Log ( LLD ), yang mana digunakan jika lumpur yang digunakan
salt water mud ( air asin )
Log Medium Resistivity
• Log Medium Resistivity yaitu log yang digunakan untuk mengukur
resistivitas pada zona transisi rentangnya sekitar 1.5 – 3 feet. Log ini terdiri
dari dua macam, yaitu :
- Induction Medium Log ( ILM ), yang mana digunakan jika lumpur yang
digunakan water base mud
- Lateral Medium Log ( LLM ), yang mana digunakan jika lumpur yang
digunakan salt water mud
Log Shallow Resistivity (MSFL dan SFLU)
• Log Shallow Resistivity biasa menggunakan log MSFL, yang digunakan untuk
mengukur resistivitas pada zona yang terinfasi mud filtrate rentangnya
sekitar 1 – 6 feet.

• Pada aplikasinya semua kurva log deep, medium, dan shallow direkam
memakai electrodes atau coils yang dipasang pada mandrel silindris, dan
ditempatkan kurang lebih secara centralized dalam lubang sumur. Alat micro
resistivitas memakai sensor yang dipasang pada tapak / pad yang dipaksa
menempel pada dinding lubang selama survey.
The response of resistivity logs in formations with various fluids (recognition of
hydrocarbon zones)
The behaviour of the resistivity log responses for different formation water salinities.
Gabungan dari Hukum Archie
Fluid in Pore
• The resistivity of the current path is RW and the path
length (Le1) is at least one meter, but probably longer.
The area is proportional to porosity. Thus:
Ro = RW * Le1 /Ф
where:
Le1 = effective path length (meters)
Ф = porosity (fractional)
Ro = resistivity of rock filled with water (ohm-m)
RW = resistivity of water (ohm-m)
• The concept of formation resistivity factor is one of the
most important in petrophysical analysis. It can be
described by the expressions just developed.
• Formation resistivity factor is the ratio of the resistivity
of a 100% water saturated rock to the resistivity of the
water with which it is saturated.
F = Ro / RW
In terms of the cubes developed, F becomes:
F = Ro / RW = RW * Le1 / Ф * 1 / RW = Le1 / Ф
• Consider a cube of rock containing water and a
hydrocarbon. Then:
Rt = RW * Le2 / (Ф * Sw)
where
Rw = resistivity of water (ohm-m)
Sw = water saturation (fractional)
• Resistivity index is the ratio of the resistivity of the rock,
to the resistivity of 100% water saturated rock, which was
derived earlier. Thus:
RI = Rt / Ro
• Using the cubes already defined, the resistivity index
becomes:
RI = RW * Le2 / (Ф * Sw) * Ф / (RW * Le1)
= Le2 / (Sw * Le1)
Le1 = effective path length of water saturated rock (meters)
Le2 = effective path length of oil and water saturated rock
(meters)
• The resistivity of the current path is RW and the path
length (Le1) is at least one meter, but probably longer.
The area is proportional to porosity. Thus:
Ro = RW * Le1 /Ф
where:
Le1 = effective path length (meters)
Ф = porosity (fractional)
Ro = resistivity of rock filled with water (ohm-m)
RW = resistivity of water (ohm-m)
• The concept of formation resistivity factor is one of the
most important in petrophysical analysis. It can be
described by the expressions just developed. Formation
resistivity factor is the ratio of the resistivity of a 100%
water saturated rock to the resistivity of the water with
which it is saturated.
F = Ro / RW
In terms of the cubes developed, F becomes:
F = Ro / RW = RW * Le1 / Ф * 1 / RW = Le1 / Ф

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