CITRA ROSYIDAH

Department of Physiology

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
 Muscle tissue is a exitable tissue which can rise an
action potential to trigger a contraction
 There are 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
 40 % of body weight consists of skeletal muscle,
whereas 10 % consists of smooth and cardiac muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLES
ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER
SARCOMERES: FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
1. Thin filaments, 5-6 nm in diameter and 1 чm in length

F actin is a twisted strand composed of two rows of 300-400

individual globular molecules of G actins. Each molecules of G actin
→ active site
Tropomyosin → covers the active site of actin
Troponin:
 T-troponin: binds to tropomyosin
 C-troponin: binds to Ca2+
 I-troponin: binds to G actin
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS

2. Thick filament, 10-12 nm in diameter and 1,6

чm in length
A thick filaments contains roughly 500 molecules
of myosin. The tail of myosin is bound to other
myosin molecule, whereas the head interacts with
the thin filaments
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
 Frolich, Human Anatomy, Mechanics

NEURO-MUSCULAR JUNCTION of Movement

Action potential in nerves triggers chemical

release at synapse which triggers action
potential in muscle

Fig. 14.5, M&M

STEPS IN CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
STEPS IN CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
STEPS IN CONTRACTION

1. Exposure of active site: Ca 2+ entering sarcoplasm bind to

troponin. The troponin then changes position, pulling the
tropomyosin molecule away from the active site
STEPS IN CONTRACTION

2. Formation of cross-bridge: when the active sites

are exposed, myosin heads binding to them
STEPS IN CONTRACTION

3. Pivoting: Using ATP as the source of energy, myosin

heads pivot the actin toward M line
STEPS IN CONTRACTION

4. Detachment of cross-bridge: The forming of new

ATP in myosin head breaks the cross bridge
STEPS IN CONTRACTION

5. Myosin reactivation: relaxation and be able for the

next contraction
SOURCE OF THE ENERGY
ATP→ ADP + Pi
3 ways of ATP’s generation:
1. Creatine-phosphate
ADP + CP → ATP + C
2. Oxidative metabolism: requires oxygen,
moderates level of activity, slow movement.
3. Glycolysis: doesn’t require oxygen, higher level of
activity, 2,5 x faster than oxidative metabolism,
produces lactic acid
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

 Fast fiber
 Slow fiber
CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
SMOOTH MUSCLE
SMOOTH MUSCLE

 Subconscious control by autonomic nervous

system
 Smaller than the skeletal muscle, no striae

 Single nucleus

 No T tubules, poor development of

sarkoplasmic reticulum, lack of myofibrils and
sarcomeres
CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
 Differs from the skeletal muscle
 Ca2+ are originated from extracellular fluid

 No troponin

 Calmodulin activates the enzyme myosin light

kinase → contraction