MEMORY SYSTEMS

Presented by:
Candongo, Russel P.
Diagram Illustrating the Systems of Memory
2 Types of Sensory
Memory
ICONIC MEMORY
 Iconic Memory
 Sensory input to the visual system goes into iconic
memory, so named because the mental
representations of visual stimuli are referred to as
icons.
 Iconic memory has duration of about 100 ms. One
of the times that iconic memory is noticeable is
when we see “light trails.”
ECHOIC MEMORY
Echoic Memory
 Echoicmemory is the branch of sensory memory used
by the auditory system.
 Echoicmemory is capable of holding a large amount of
auditory information, but only for 3–4 seconds.
 Thisechoic sound is replayed in the mind for this brief
amount of time immediately after the presentation of
the auditory stimulus.
Short-Term Memory
 Short-term memory is the capacity for holding a small
amount of information in an active, readily available
state for a brief period of time.
 How long this storage lasts depends on conscious effort
from the individual; without rehearsal or active
maintenance, the duration of short-term memory is
believed to be on the order of seconds.
Short Term Memory &
Chunking
Issue:
 The short-term memory has a limited capacity,
illustrated by the simple expedient of trying to
remember a list of random items (without allowing
repetition) and seeing when errors begin to creep in.
Chunking
 Chunking is the organization of material into shorter
meaningful groups. With chunking, each chunk
represents just one of the 5 - 9 items that can be stored
in short-term memory, thus extending the total number
of items that can be held.
Tanoxomy of Long-
Term Memory
Difference between
Explicit and Implicit
Long-Term Memory
 Explicit memory is a memory that can be
intentionally and consciously recalled. Implicit
memory is an experiential or functional form of
memory that cannot be consciously recalled.
 Unlike explicit memory that can be recalled,
implicit memories are linked to subconscious
mechanisms.
Explicit Long-Term
Memory
 Explicit memory are those experiences and
information that a person must consciously think
about to remember.
Example:
When a person is trying to intentionally remember
something such as the name of someone he/she
met or a list of items to pick up at the store, this
information is stored in his/her explicit memory.
 3 Types of Implicit
Long-Term Memory
Procedural Memory
 is implicit memory for skills and motor
movements performed without conscious
awareness.
Example:
Activities include walking, riding a bike, tying
shoes, making a sandwich, and reading.
Classical Conditioning
 refers
to the unconscious awareness of an association
of one stimulus with another stimulus.
 The memory for the association is demonstrated
when the conditioned stimulus begins to create the
same response as the unconditioned stimulus did
before the learning.
Examples:
If a person hears a dinner bell ring, it may create a
naturally occurring response such as excitement or
salivation.
Priming
 is a non-conscious effect in which exposure to one
stimulus influences the response to another stimulus
due to prior experience.
Example:
If ask to state an animal that begins with the letter “D”,
most people would choose “dog” because it probably the
most popular. However, some people may choose “deer”
because of particular connection.