Combined axial load and bending

moment in the section of the base

of the pier may lead to failure
because of concrete crushing,
Yielding and buckling of the
reinforcement bars may also
occur.
 Structural Damage
Control
Strength is generally associated
with the control of structural
damage. Strength failure may be
caused by the accumulation of
stresses beyond the capacity of
material.

In general, damage increases as

the load and deformation
resistance is lowered.
Limiting damage in beam to
column and foundation
connections to is essential to
achieve adequate performance of
the structural system.

Sliding of structures is due to

shear effects. High shear
resistance and adequate
anchorage between structural
components can prevent these
failure modes.
 Ductility
Abilityof a material, component,
connection or structure to
undergo inelastic deformations
with acceptable stiffness and
strength reduction.

Most structures are designed to

be have inelastically under strong
earthquakes for reasons of
economy.
 Types of Ductility

1. Material ductility - characterizes

material plastic deformations.
2. Section (curvature) ductility –
relates to plastic deformations of cross
section.
3. Member (rotation) ductility -
quantifies plastic rotations.
4. Structural (displacement)
ductility – is a global measure of the
inelastic perfomance of structural sub-
assemblages.
 Factors Influencing
Ductility
Material Properties – the
ductility of structural systems
significantly depends on the
material response.

Member Properties (ex.

structural member joints)

Connection Properties (ex.

beam to column)
 Structural Collapse
Prevention
Prevention of structural collapse
is a fundamental objective of
seismic design.

Collapse implies that horizontal

and vertical systems utilized to
withstand effects of gravity and
earthquake ground motions are
incapable of carrying safely
gravity loads.
Structuralcollapse
prevention can be
achieved through failure
mode control.