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Acid–Base Homeostasis
Rayvita Meagratia
r.meagratia@gmail.com
BODY FLUIDS
Total body water (TBW) content
Body fluid compartments
Body fluid compartments
• ICF
– Major cation : K+, Mg+
– Major anion : protein, organic
phosphates
Body fluid compartments
• ECF
– Major cation : Na+
– Major anion : Cl-, HCO3-
Body fluid compartments
• Plasma
– Major plasma protein:
albumin & globulin
Body fluid compartments
• Interstitial fluid
– has little protein
– ultrafiltrate of plasma
Water balance
Maintain Fluid Balance In The Body
↑ water
↑ water permeability of ↑ secretion of
reabsorbstion late distal tubule ADH
& collecting duct
↑ urine
↓ plasma
osmolarity & ↓
osmolarity
urine volume
• Pathways
through which
dehydration
stimulates
thirst
• Pathways
through which
dehydration
stimulates
thirst
• Series of
events in
water
intoxication
ELECTROLYTES
Electrolyte and Protein Anion
Concentrations
Sodium
• most abundant ions in extracellular fluid
• normal blood plasma Na+ concentration is 136–
148mEq/liter
• involved in impulse transmission, muscle
contraction, and fluid & electrolyte balance
• The kidneys excrete excess Na+, but also can
conserve it during periods of shortage
• Level in the blood is controlled by aldosterone,
ADH, and ANP
Chloride
• most prevalent anions in extracellular fluid
• normal blood plasma Cl- concentration is 95–
105 mEq/liter
• part of the hydrochloric acid secreted into
gastric juice
• Cl- level is controlled indirectly by ADH and by
processes that increase or decrease renal
reabsorption of Na+
Potassium
• most abundant cations in intracellular fluid
• normal blood plasma K+ concentration is 3.5–
5.0mEq/liter
• plays a key role in establishing the resting membrane
potential and in the repolarization phase of action
potentials in neurons and muscle fibers
• maintain normal intracellular fluid volume
• K+ moves into/out of cells, it often is exchanged for H+
helps regulate the pH of body fluids
• controlled mainly by aldosterone
Bicarbonate
• second most abundant anions in extracellular
fluid
• the most important buffer in blood plasma
• kidneys are the main regulators of blood
HCO3- concentration
Calcium
• most abundant mineral in the body
• Calcium salts are structural components of
bones and teeth
• function in blood clotting, neurotransmitter
release, maintenance of muscle tone, and
excitability of nervous and muscle tissue
• controlled mainly by parathyroid hormone
and calcitonin
Phosphate
• intracellular anions
• their salts are structural components of bones
and teeth
• required for the synthesis of nucleic acids and
ATP and participate in buffer reactions
• controlled by parathyroid hormone and
calcitonin
Magnesium
• primarily intracellular cations
• cofactor for certain enzymes needed for the
metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins,
and for the sodium–potassium pump
• Essential for normal neuromuscular activity,
synaptic transmission, and myocardial
functioning
• Secretion PTH depends on Mg2+
ACID–BASE BALANCE
• Overall acid–base balance of the body is
maintained by controlling the H concentration
of body fluids,especially extracellular fluid.
• The normal pH of systemic arterial blood is
7.35–7.45
Comparison of
pH values of
common
solutions
Comparison of
pH values of
common
solutions
Mechanisms That Maintain pH of Body
Fluids
• Buffers
– provide limited but immediate limitations on pH
change
• Changes in ventilation and CO2 excretion
– can occur over seconds to minutes to provide a
rapid second line of defense against pH change
• Renal system H+ excretion and HCO3− synthesis
– the final line of defense, acting over a period of
hours to days to prevent sustained pH change
Buffer
• Any substance that can reversibly bind hydrogen ions
• Act quickly to temporarily bind H+, removing the
highly reactive, excess H+ from solution
• Raise pH of body fluids but do not remove H+ from
the body
• Include
– Proteins
• The most abundant buffers in body cells and blood
• Hemoglobin inside red blood cells is a good buffer
– Carbonic acid–bicarbonate
• Important regulator of blood pH
• The most abundant buffers in ECF
– Phosphates
• Important buffers in intracellular fluid and in urine
Changes in ventilation and CO2 excretion
• ↑exhalation of CO2 increases blood pH
(fewer H+)
– By increasing the rate and depth of breathing,
more CO2 can be exhaled reduces the level of
carbonic acid in blood raises the blood pH
• ↓exhalation of CO2 decreases blood pH (more
H+)
Renal System
• Renal tubules secrete H+ into the urine and
reabsorb HCO3-
• In the proximal convoluted tubules of the
kidneys, Na/H antiporters secrete H+ as they
reabsorb Na+
• In the collecting ducts of the kidneys, some
intercalated cells reabsorb K+ and HCO3- and
secrete H+; other intercalated cells secrete
HCO3-
Renal System
Sources of Hydrogen-Ion
Gain or Loss
Gain Loss