Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Arthropoda

Several million species.

Hard exoskeleton.
Coelomate protostomes.
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Class Chelicerata
Subclass Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Class Chelicerata
Subclass Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Subclass Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Class Chelicerata
Subclass Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Subclass Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks)
Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilapoda (centipedes)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilapoda (centipedes)
Class Diplopoda (millipedes)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Class Insecta
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda (brine shrimp)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Subclass Copepoda (copepod)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Subclass Copepoda (copepod)
Subclass Thecostraca (barnacles)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Class Malacostraca
Order Decapoda (crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
 Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Class Malacostraca
Order Decapoda
Order Isopoda (isopods)
 What do Arthropods look like?
Triploblastic, bilateral protostomes
Hard exoskeleton
Specialization of appendages
Jointed appendages
Coelom that acts as an open
circulatory system (heomcoel)
Excretory and gas exchange organs
Sense organs that extend out of
cuticle
Growth through molting (ecdysis)

Fig. 15.15
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?

Cuticle

Secreted by epidermis
Waxes, lipoproteins, proteins.
Sclerotized - tanning process that hardens

Fig. 15.16
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Each segment bound by four plates - dorsal tergite, ventral sternite,
and two lateral pleurites.
Muscle bands attach to apodemes.
Appendages segmented with extrinsic or intrinsic muscles.

Fig. 15.15
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?

Appendages:
Uniramous or
biramous.
Parts are specialized
for different tasks.

Fig. 15.17
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?

Joints have thin flexible membrane.

Antagonistic muscles: flexors and
extensors.
Joints in one plane or ball-and-socket.
Exoskeleton has condyles that act as
fulcrums.

Fig. 15.18
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Walking

Walking involves the coordinated

movement of uniramous
appendages in different planes.

Fig. 15.20
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Walking
Subphylum Myriapoda Millipedes (Class
Diplopoda) have
two legs per
segment on each
side. Slow but
powerful.
Fig. 18.3
Centipedes (Class
Chilopoda) have
one leg per
segment on each
side. Fast but not
as powerful.
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Swimming
Flapping phyllopodia

Fig. 15.19

Tail flexion
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Flying
Hemipterans (flies)
Indirect flight muscles allow wings to beat faster than
neural transmission.
Dorsoventral and longitudinal muscles.
Flexible thorax.

Fig. 17.16
 How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
“Brain” is 2-3 ganglia with
specific functions.
Ganglionated ventral nerve cord.

Sense organs (sensilla) protrude

out of cuticle.
Can be slit in cuticle.
Membranous drums.
Chemoreceptors with thin cuticle.
Fig. 15. 28
How do Arthropods support themselves and move?

Simple ocelli.
Complex lensed ocelli.
Compound eyes made of ommatidia.

Fig. 15.29
 How do Arthropods grow?
Instars have tissue growth but
no increase in external size.
Proecdysis - old endocuticle
digested by enzymes from
epidermis. Begin secreting
new endocuticle.
Ecdysis - old cuticle splits
and animal wiggles out.
Body swells.
Postecdysis - cuticle hardens.
 How do Arthropods grow?
Timing of molting. Fig. 17.35
Throughout life - crustaceans.
Periodically until certain size - copepods.
During metamorphosis - insects.
Hemimetabolous - insects hatch looking much like
adults. Nymphs gradually attain adult form.

Holometabolous - young very different from

adults. Pupal stage metamorhosis into adult.

Fig. 17.36
 How do Arthropods feed and digest?

Complete gut with regional

specialization.
Foregut - food intake, transport,
storage, mechanical digestion
(jaws, pharynx, gizzard).
Midgut - extracellular digestion, Fig. 15.24
nutrient uptake (cecae, digestive
gland, hepatopancreas).
Hindgut - excretion of undigested
material, water reabsorption.
 How do Arthropods feed and digest? Fig. 19.5
Spider silk

Complex fibrous
protein.
Spinning
apparatus in
opithosome.

Liquid silk produced by glands,

secreted into duct, pass to
spinneret with tubes to outside.
Fig. 19.7
 How do Arthropods feed and digest?

Threads made of different thicknesses and

combined in different ways for different
functions.
 How do Arthropods maintain homeostasis?
Fig. 15.25
Circulation and respiration

Open hemocoel as a result of

hard exoskeleton and lack
of internal segmentation.
Muscular heart required since
body movements can’t
move blood.
Hemolymph has amebocytes,
pigments, and some have
clotting factors.
 How do Arthropods maintain homeostasis?

Circulation and respiration Fig. 15.26

Respiratory structures depend on habitat.

Trachea in Gills in aquatic animals.

terrestrial
insects.

Arachnid book lung.

Fig. 19.18
 How do Arthropods maintain homeostasis?

Osmoregulation and waste excretion

Closed structure required since open
nephrostome wouldn’t with such a
large hemocoel.
Material uptake depends on filtration Fig. 15.27
pressure and active uptake.
Reuptake of salts and nutrients.
Antennal and maxillary glands in
crustaceans. Produce ammonia
with some urea and uric acid.
Malpighian tubules in arachnids and
insects. Blind tubes extend into
hemocoel and empty into gut.
Produce uric acid.
 How do Arthropods reproduce and develop?

Most gonochoristic with formal mating and internal fertilization.

Fig. 16.32
 How do Arthropods reproduce and develop?

Usually some brooding.

Development often mixed with early brooding then larval stages.
Eggs centrolecithal but amount of yolk varies (so does cleavage).

Nauplius larva
 How do Arthropods reproduce and develop?
Parasitic lifestyles
Fig. 16.16

Fig. 16.25

Rhizocephalan barnalces