Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By:
Dr. Tess Consulta
Subscribe to
Science Nook Channel in Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsb7fZVcpYoR4T9op4wXWCQ
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic
acid)
• blueprint of life (has the instructions
for making an organism)
• established by James Watson and
Francis Crick
• codes for your genes
• shape of a double helix
• made of repeating subunits called
nucleotides
• What piece of
information did
Franklin and Wilkins
have that helped
Watson and Crick
determine the double
helix structure of
DNA?
• Had x-ray diffraction
photographs that
were crucial to
determine the
structure of DNA.
• What was the significance of Wilkins and
Franklin’s X-ray diffraction photographs regarding
DNA structure?
• Their photographs suggested that the DNA
moleculeresembled a tightly coiled helix and was
composed of two or three chains of nucleotides.
DNA structure and Functions
Structure
• Nucleotides pair in a
specific way - called
the Base-Pair Rule
• Adenine pairs to
Thymine
• Guainine pairs to
Cytosine
• The rungs of the
ladder can occur in
any order (as long as
the base-pair rule is
followed)
• Name the three parts of a nucleotide.
• A sugar, a phosphate and a
nitrogenous base
• Name the bonds that link the
nucleotide along a DNA strand.
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Distinguish between purines and
pyramidines
• Purines are nitrogenous bases made of
two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms
(adenine and guanine). Pyramidines are
nitrogenous bases with one ring of carbon
and nitrogen atoms (cytosine and
Thymine).
• Describe why the two strands of a double helix
are considered to be complimentary.
• Because only A and T pair and G and C pair, if a
DNA chain has the sequence of ATTC, then the
other chain must have the complimentary TAAG.
• State the base pairing rules in DNA
• Guanine and cytosine pair, thymine and adenine
pair
• How do the base-pairing
rules relate to the structure
of DNA?
• Hydrogen bonds between
complimentary base-pairs
help hold the strands
together. A double ringed
purine on one strand bonds
with a single ringed
pyramidine on the opposite
strand so the chains are
always the same distance
apart.
How the code works
H
Deletion
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
TEF ATC ATA TET GER AT
H
Chromosome Mutations
Changes in number and structure of entire
chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC * DEF
Deletion AC * DEF
Duplication ABBC * DEF
Inversion AED * CBF
Translocation ABC * JKL
GHI * DEF
Significance of Mutations
• Most are neutral
• Eye color
• Birth marks
• Some are harmful
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Down Syndrome
• Some are beneficial
• Sickle Cell Anemia to Malaria
• Immunity to HIV
What Causes Mutations?
There are two ways in which DNA can
become mutated:
Mutations can be inherited.
Parent to child
Mutations can be acquired.
Environmental damage
Mistakes when DNA is copied
Chromosome Mutations
Down Syndrome
Chromosome 21 does
not separate correctly.
They have 47
chromosomes in stead
of 46.
Children with Down
Syndrome develop
slower, may have heart
and stomach illnesses
and vary greatly in their
degree of inteligence.
Chromosome Mutations
Cri-du-chat
Deletion of material on 5th
chromosome
Characterized by the cat-like
cry made by cri-du-chat
babies
Varied levels of metal
handicaps
Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities
Klinefelter’s
Syndrome
XXY, XXYY, XXXY
Male
Sterility
Small testicles
Breast enlargement
Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities
XYY Syndrome
Normal male traits
Often tall and thin
Associated with antisocial and behavioral
problems
Sex Chromosome
Mutations
Turner’s Syndrome
X
Female
sex organs don't
mature at
adolescence
sterility
short stature
Sex Chromosome
Mutations
XXX
Trisomy X
Female
Little or no visible differences
tall stature
learning disabilities
limited fertility