Isna Avif Nurain, M.

Pd
Tadris IPA FTIK IAIN Salatiga
DNA

RNA

Kode Genetik

Replikasi DNA
 fosfor
Friederich Asam Asam
Susunan sangat
Miescher ada nukleat
kimia tinggi
(Jerman, asam : DNA &
nukleus 
1869) nukleat RNA
nuklein
Frederick
Griffith • Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform
(1928) harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria

Rosalind
Franklin • X-ray photo of DNA
(1952)
Watson
and Crick • described the DNA
(1953) molecule from Franklin’s
X-ray
GEN – bagian materi genetik yang
mengkode sebuah sifat spesifik

Sama seperti DNA Gen=DNA

DNA terbentuk dari gabungan

molekul - Nukleotida
Membawa informasi genetik

Mengontrol aktivitas hidup secara langsung dan tidak

langsung

Menyintesis RNA

Berperan dalam proses sintesis protein

 1 basa
nitrogen

1 gula polinukleotida
nukleotida DNA
pentosa

1 fosfat
 DNA NUCLEOTIDE
Phosphate
Group

O 5
O=P-O CH2
O
O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C1 (A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2
PURINES
1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) A or G

PYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T) 4. Cytosine (C) T or C

DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases:

ADENINE – THYMINE
G C
T A CYTOSINE - GUANINE
BASE-PAIRINGS
H-bonds

G C

T A
 5
DNA DOUBLE HELIX
O 3

3 O
P 5 P
Ujung 5’ – 3’

Ujung 3’ – 5’
5 O
1 G C 3
2
4 4
2 1
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3

O
5
P 3 P
 Memutar ke kanan
 Berputar setiap 3,4 nm
 Setiap putaran mengandung 10
pasang basa (jarak antar basa atas
bawah adalah 0,34 nm)
 Mengandung 2 alur putaran
1. Putaran mayor (major grooves-wide)
: provide easy access to bases
2. Putaran minor (minor grooves-
narrow) : provide poor access
“CHARGAFF’S RULE”
A=T & C=G
 3 STRUKTUR PENTING DNA
• Bagian “gene regulatory segment” struktur yang terlibat pada proses
inisiasi dan pengaturan proses transkripsi.
• Exon  mengandung Kodon untuk ditranslasikan oleh mRNA menjadi
protein.
• Intron  tidak mengandung codon (intervening sequence).
 DNA from a single human
cell extends in a single
thread for almost 2 meters
long!!!

 It contains information
equal to some 600,000
printed pages of 500 words
each!!!
(a library of about 1,000 books)
 Each cell has about 2 m
of DNA.
 The average human has
75 trillion cells.
 The average human has
enough DNA to go from
the earth to the sun
more than 400 times. The earth is 150 billion m
or 93 million miles from
 DNA has a diameter of
the sun.
only 0.000000002 m.
17
Polinukleotida rantai tunggal - cetakan sintesis protein

Gula pentose ribosa

Dapat melipat dirinya dalam suatu aturan tertentu

Basa nitrogen seperti DNA, namum T diganti U (Urasil)

 mRNA • Cetakan untuk sintesis protein
• Dicetak dari DNA di nucleus
(messenger RNA) • Disintesis di sitoplasma

tRNA • Transfer asam amino saat proses sintesis

protein
(transfer RNA) • Bentuk seperti daun semanggi

rRNA • Membentuk ribosom bersama dengan

(ribosomal protein
RNA)
RNA STRUCTURE

Transfer RNA (tRNA) structure

Perbedaan DNA RNA

Gula Deoksiribosa Ribosa

Basa Timin Urasil

pirimidin
Bentuk Rantai ganda Rantai
(double tunggal,
helix), rantai pendek,
panjang, tidak terpilin
terpilin

Letak Nukleus, Nukleus,

kloroplast, sitoplasma,
dan kloroplas,
mitokondria dan
mitokondria
Cara menetapkan jumlah & urutan nukleotida – posisi yg tepat dr
tiap asam amino pd rantai peptide yg bertambah panjang
percobaan Nirenberg dkk (1968)  Triplet kodon  Gabungan 3
nukleotida asam amino
Ada 64 kodon 61 menyandi 20 asam amino

Start kodon AUG (metionin)

Kodon yg tidak menyandi UAA, UAG, UGA (stop kodon)

 Replication quiz
1. Why is replication necessary? A---
2. When does replication occur? G---
3. Describe how replication works. C---
4. Use the complementary rule to T---
create the complementary strand: A---
G---
A---
G---
C---
A---
G---
T---
Replication answers quiz
A---T
1. Why is replication necessary? G---C
So both new cells will have the correct DNA C---G
2. When does replication occur? T---A
During interphase (S phase). A---T
3. Describe how replication works. G---C
Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary A---T
nucleotides join each original strand. G---C
4. Use the complementary rule to C---G
create the complementary strand: A---T
G---C
T---A
 DNA REPLICATION
Process of duplication of the entire genome prior to cell division

Biological significance
 extreme accuracy of DNA replication is necessary in order to
preserve the integrity of the genome in successive generations

 In eukaryotes , replication only occurs during the S phase of the

cell cycle.

 Replication rate in eukaryotes is slower resulting in a higher

fidelity/accuracy of replication in eukaryotes
BASIC RULES OF REPLICATION
A. Semi-conservative
B. Starts at the ‘origin’
C. Synthesis always in the 5-3’ direction
D. Can be uni or bidirectional
E. Semi-discontinuous
F. RNA primers required
DNA REPLICATION
3 POSSIBLE
MODELS
A. Semi-conservative
replication:
One strand of duplex passed on
unchanged to each of the
daughter cells. This 'conserved'
strand acts as a template for
the synthesis of a new,
complementary strand by the
enzyme DNA polymerase
HOW DO WE KNOW THAT DNA REPLICATION IS SEMICONSERVATIVE?
MESELSON-STAHL EXPERIMENTS
 B) STARTS AT ORIGIN
Initiator proteins identify specific base sequences on DNA called sites
of origin

Prokaryotes – single origin site E.g E.coli - oriC

Eukaryotes – multiple sites of origin (replicator)
E.g. yeast - ARS (autonomously replicating sequences)

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Why does DNA replication only occur in the 5’ to 3’ direction?

Should be PPP here

 D) UNI OR BIDIRECTIONAL
 Replication forks move in one or opposite directions
E) SEMI-DISCONTINUOUS REPLICATION

Anti parallel strands replicated simultaneously

Leading strand synthesis continuously in 5’– 3’
Lagging strand synthesis in fragments in 5’-3’
SEMI-DISCONTINUOUS REPLICATION
New strand synthesis always in the 5’-3’ direction
F) RNA PRIMERS REQUIRED
CORE PROTEINS AT THE REPLICATION FORK

Topoisomerases Prevents torsion by DNA breaks

Helicases separates 2 strands
Primase RNA primer synthesis
Single strand binding proteins prevent reannealing of single
strands
DNA polymerase synthesis of new strand
Tethering protein stabilises polymerase
DNA ligase seals nick via phosphodiester
linkage
 THE MECHANISM OF DNA REPLICATION
Arthur Kornberg, a Nobel prize winner and other biochemists deduced
steps of replication
 Initiation
 Proteins bind to DNA and open up double helix
 Prepare DNA for complementary base pairing
 Elongation
 Proteins connect the correct sequences of nucleotides into a continuous new strand of
DNA
 Termination
 Proteins release the replication complex
THE MECHANISM OF DNA REPLICATION