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GASTROINTESTINAL
IRAWAN YUSUF
M.E.RACHMAN
BLOK X
SISTEM GASTROINTESTINAL
TONGUE
TEETH
ACCESSORY SALIVARY GLANDS
ORGANS PANCREAS
LIVER
GALL BLADDER
INGESTION
SECRETION
FUNCTION DIGESTION
MOVEMENT
ABSORPTION
FUNCTION
Breaking down food and supplying the
body with the water, electrolytes, and
nutrients to sustain life.
Before can be used, food must be:
ingested
digested
absorbed
All of these processes involve
coordinated movemen of muscle and
secretion of various substances
INGESTION
Distal
Ileum
90 minute
MASTICATION
Function of Mastication
Functional components
The three functional parts of the stomach are the
fundus, corpus, and antrum
Gastric contents are isolated from other parts of
the GI tract by the lower esophageal sphincter
proximally and by the pylorus distally
The antrum and pylorus are anatomically
continous and respond to nervous control as a unit
MOTILITY OF STOMACH
Musculature
Each muscle layer forms a functional syncytium
and therefore acts as a unit
In the fundus, where the layers are relatively thin,
strength of contraction is weak; in the antrum,
where the muscle layers are thick, strength of
contraction is strong
The stomach and duodenum are divided by a
thickened muscle layer called the pyloric
sphincter
MOTILITY OF STOMACH
Innervation
Intrinsic innervation directly responsible for
peristaltis
The myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s) is located between the
layers of the circular and longitudinal muscles of the
stomach
The submucosal plexus (Meissner’s) is located between the
layers of the circular muscle and mucosa on the luminal
surface of the stomach
Extrinsic through autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic, via the celiac plexus (inhibits motility)
Parasympathetic, via the vagus nerve (stimulates motility)
Function of Motility
Gastric motility serves three basic function
Storage. When food enters the stomach, the upper
region - primarily fundus - enlarges to accommodate
the food by receptive relaxation
Mixing. Combination of peristaltis and retropulsion
mixes the food with acid and enzymes. When the
food is mixed into pasty consistency, it is called
chyme
Emptying. When the chyme is broken down into
small enough particles, it is propelled through the
pyloric sphincter into intestine
Function of Motility
Receptive relaxation
Initiated as apart of the peristaltic process
causing swallowing and esophageal motility
or in response to food entering the stomach
Strecth receptors in the upper portion of
stomach detect the presence of food and
initiate a vago-vagal reflex producing
relaxation
This process regulate by postganglionic fibers
within the enteric nervous system release a
noncholinergic nonadrenergic transmitter,
may be ATP or VIP
Function of Motility
Peristaltis
Produced by periodic change in BER originate in a
pace maker within longitudinal muscle
BER or slow wave occur at a rate of approximately
3-4/min and velocity is 1 cm/sec at the corpus and
increase to 3-4 cm/sec in the antrum
Ca2+ play an important role in BER, and the force of
peristaltis contractions is regulated by gastrin and
acetylcholine
Function of Motility
Retropulsion
Is the back and forth movement of the chyme
caused by the forceful propulsion of food
against the closed pyloric sphincter
The forward and backward movement of the
chyme (caused by peristaltis and retropulsion)
breaks the chyme into smaller and smaller
pieces and mixes it with the gastric secretions
present within stomach
Function of Motility
Gastric emptying
Each time the chime pushed against the
pyloric sphincter, a small amount (2-7 ml)
may escape into duodenum
The amount of chyme passing the pylorus
depends on the size of the particles
Liquids empty much faster than solids. The
rate of liquids emptying is proportional to
pressure within the upper portion of stomach,
which increase slowly during the digestive
period
Function Disorder of Motility
Vomiting or emesis
Initiation
The vomiting center. Directly activated by afferent fibers
or by irritation due to injury or increases in intracranial
pressure
Chemoreceptor trigger zone. Activated by afferent nerves
originating within the GI tract or by circulating emetic
agents
Mechanical sequence of vomiting
Begins with deep inspirasion followed by the closing of
the glottis
Intestine propels chyme into upper region of stomach
Increase in abdominal pressure forces the chyme into
esophagus and out of the mouth
Vomiting Reflex
INTESTINAL MOTILITY
Contractile activity
Contractile activity of the smooth muscle lining the
small intestine serve two functions:
Mixing the chyme with digestive enzymes and bile to
facilitate digestion and absorption
Propelling the chyme from the duodenum to the colon
It usually takes about 2-4 hours for the chyme to
move from one end of the small intestine to the
other
INTESTINAL MOTILITY
Types of movements
BLOK X
SISTEM GASTROINTESTINAL
Total 6700
Guyton, AC; 2000
PENGATURAN FUNGSI SEKRESI