MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES

GRADE X
 Definition
Industries which are concerned with the processing or
conversion of raw materials into finished products on
a large scale are called manufacturing industries.
Example: Paper from wood
 IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
• Helps in modernizing agriculture, reduces dependence
on agricultural income
• Provides employment opportunities to millions of
people.
• Export of manufactured goods increases the country’s
income
• Reduces poverty levels, brings down regional disparities
• Improves the country’s infrastructure
• Brings in foreign exchange, expands trade
• Manufacturing industries increase the national income and
per capita income
 Location of the industries depend on the
following factors
• Availability of raw material
• Availability of cheap labour
• Availability of power and other infrastructure
• Proximity/Nearness to markets
• Availability of adequate and swift means of
transportation
• Favourable climate
 Inter dependence of agriculture & industry

• Industries supply agricultural tools like irrigation

pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and
PVC pipes to agriculture
• Agro based industries increased the productivity of
industries.
• Industries depend on agricultural sector for raw
materials.
• Agricultural sector serves as a market for the
industrial products.
 Objective of setting of NMCC
• NMCC is National Manufacturing competitiveness council
• This council has been set up to improve the productivity of the
industrial sector
• It aims to achieve the desired growth rate over the next decade
is 12 per cent.
What are agglomeration economies
• Cities provide market and other facilities like banking,
insurance, transport, labor, consultants, and financial advice
etc. to the industry.
• Many industries tend to come together to make use of the
advantages offered by the urban institutions. This is known as
agglomeration economies.
 Classification of Industries
1. On the basis of source of raw materials:
• Agro based: Industries that use agricultural products as raw material. Ex:
cotton, woollen, jute industries
• Mineral based: Industries that use minerals as raw material. Ex: iron and
steel, cement industries
2. On the basis of the role in the economy:
• Basic or key industries: Industries which provide their products as raw
material for other industries. e.g. iron and steel
• Consumer industries: Industries which produce goods for direct use by
consumers. E.g. sugar, shoes
3. On the basis of capital investment
• Small scale industry – If the invested capital is up to Rs. one crore, then
the industry is called a small scale industry.
• Large scale industry - If the invested capital is more than Rs. one crore,
then the industry is called a large scale industry.
 Classification of Industries
4. On the basis of ownership
• Public sector – Industries owned and operated by government agencies –
BHEL, SAIL, ONGC etc.
• Private sector - Industries owned and operated by individuals or a group
of individuals –Reliance, TATA, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector industries – Industries jointly run by the state and individuals
or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and
private sector.
• Cooperative sector - industries are owned and operated by the
producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the
resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. Example: Amul,
Lijjat Papad
5. On the basis of bulk & weight of raw material
• Heavy industries - such as iron and steel
• Light industries - that use light raw materials and produce light goods
such as electrical industries.
 Importance of textile Industry
• Contribution to industrial production (14 %)
• Employment: 3.5 crore people
• Foreign Exchange earnings: 24.6% approx
• Contribution to GDP: 4%
 Cotton Textiles
Types: hand spinning, handloom weaving, power-looms
First successful textile mill: Mumbai (1854)
Four important cotton textile centers of Maharashtra: (i) Mumbai
(ii) Sholapur (iii) Nagpur (iv) Pune
Handloom industry: concentrated in Tamil nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Assam and Uttar Pradesh.
Contribution of this industry to the economy
• provides living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers
engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing,
packaging, tailoring and sewing
• It supports many other industries by creating demand such as,
chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and
engineering works
 Cotton Textiles
Reasons for concentration of industries around Gujarat & Maharashtra:
Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities,
labor, moist climate.

Reasons for decentralized weaving:

• To provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving
in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery

Reasons for low quality weaved fabric in India/Challenges of cotton industry:

Weaving industry cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the
country as
• most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local
market
• Power supply is erratic
• Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in
particular. Low output of labour
• Stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry
Cotton exports

Yarn: to Japan.

Cotton goods: USA, UK, Russia,

France, East European countries,
Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, &
African Countries.
 Jute Industry
• Largest producer of raw jute & jute goods
• 2nd largest exporter of jute goods after Bangladesh
• 70 jute mills in India
• Location of jute mills – west Bengal near river Hoogly
• First jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra
• Main jute products: gunny bags, jute cloth, tarpaulins,
ropes and cordages(for cable industry)
• Reasons for increasing popularity of jute products - It
is biodegradable, environment friendly
Location of jute industry
Jute exports
U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia
Objectives of National Jute Policy in 2005
• To increase the productivity and quality of jute
• Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers
• Enhancing the yield per hectare
Challenges faced by jute industry
• Stiff competition in the international market from
synthetic substitutes
• Competition from other competitors like
Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and
Thailand.
• Expand the local market
 Sugar Industry
Features:
• 2nd place in the world on production of sugar
• 1st place in gur & khandasari
• 460 sugar mills in the sugar production areas as sucrose
content reduces in haulage, raw material is heavy.
Major sugar producing states:
• Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
Reasons for the mills to shift to South & West India
• The cane produced in these areas has higher sucrose
content
• Cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season
• This industry is in the cooperative sector and
cooperatives are more successful in these states
 Iron & Steel Industry
Called as Basic industry: It supplies raw materials to all the industries. Needed
to manufacture wide variety of engineering goods, construction material,
defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment, consumer goods etc
Called as heavy industry: The main raw materials used in the iron and steel
industry are iron ore, coal and limestone. The raw materials and the finished
products of iron and steel industries are quite bulky. Hence called heavy
industries
Index of country’s development: More consumption, more developed a
country is
Use of Manganese in this industry: it hardens steel
Largest producer: of Sponge iron
Ranks 9th: Crude steel iron
Per capita consumption: 32 kg per annum
 Iron Steel Industry
Reasons of the low per capita consumption of steel in India:
• High costs & limited availability of coking coal
• Low productivity of labor
• Irregular supply of energy
• Poor infrastructure
Reasons for the concentration of iron & steel industries in the Chota nagpur
plateau region:
• low cost of iron ore
• high grade raw materials in proximity
• cheap labor
• vast growth potential in the home market 10 primary integrated iron and
steel plants and around 200 mini steel plants
No of steel plants: 10 primary integrated iron and steel plants and around 200
mini steel plants
• Difference between Mini and integrated steel plants :Mini steel plants are
smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. I
integrated steel plant is large, handles everything in one complex – from
putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
 Division of Iron Steel Industries

Based on size Based on ownership

Integrated Private steel Public sector

Mini steel plant
steel plant plants undertaking

EXTRA INFORMATION
• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/13-major-
iron-and-steel-plants-of-india/19701/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinganagar
 Iron Steel Industry
• All public sector undertakings market their steel through, Steel Authority of India
Ltd. (SAIL)
• TISCO markets its produce by itself in the name of Tata Steel

• China is the largest producer and consumer of steel.

• All the important iron and steel plants are located in the north-eastern and southern
parts of the Indian Peninsula
 ALUMINIUM SMELTING

Definition: The process of deriving metallic aluminum from its ore is

called aluminum smelting.
Properties of Aluminum: It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good
conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with
other metals.
Uses: It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires
Aluminum smelting plants in India: 8 aluminum smelting plants in the
country located in Orissa (Nalco and Balco), West Bengal, Kerala,
Uttar Pradesh Balco), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh,
Raw material used in aluminium smelting plant: Bauxite
Criteria for location of industries: Regular source of raw
material(bulky), large amounts of electricity, assured supply of power
and good transport connectivity
 Chemical Industry

Types: Consists of both inorganic and organic sectors

• Inorganic chemicals: include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture
fertilizers, synthetic fibers plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric
acid, alkalis, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and
caustic soda.
Location: industries spread all over
• Organic chemicals: include petrochemicals, which are used for
manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs,
drugs and pharmaceuticals
• Location: plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants
• Reasons why chemical industry is its own largest consumer: Basic
chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are
used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer
markets.
 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
• The only fertilizer plant in cooperative sector: Fertilizer Corporation
of India (FCI) in Hazira (Gujarat)
• First fertilizer plant in India: Ranipet in Tamil Nadu.
• With the setting up of a plant at Sindri by the Fertiliser Corporation
of India (FCI) in 1951, the production of fertilisers increased.
• With the onset of the Green Revolution, this industry was set up in
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala.
• Important producers : Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and
Karnataka.
• Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any
reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in
any form.
• India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.
 Cement Industry
Required raw materials: bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica,
alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power, rail transportation.
First cement plant: set up in Chennai in 1904
Reasons for concentrated of cement industry in Gujarat: it has suitable access
to the market in the Gulf countries for the export of cement.
Exports: Indian cement is in great demand in South and East Asia, Middle East
and Africa because of its superior quality

Factors responsible for expansion of cement industry in India:

i. Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989
ii. Other government policy reforms led to the increase in capacity, process,
technology and production.
iii. Increase in demand due to large scale construction activity such as building
houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial
establishments.
iv. Production of good quality cement and its export to East Asia, Gulf
countries
 Automobile Industry

New changes: Foreign Direct Investment

brought in new technology and aligned the
industry with global developments.
Location: industries producing bicycles, scooters
and bicycles are distributed around Delhi,
Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata,
Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and
Bengaluru.
 Information Technology and
Electronics Industry
Important points:
• Bangalore city is known as the electronic capital of India.
• Other important centers for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad,
Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore
• 18 software technology parks provide single window service and high data
communication facility to software experts.
Contributions of IT industry:
i. It is one of the major employments generating industry. Over one million persons
are employed in this industry.
ii. 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women.
iii. It is the major foreign exchange earner industry of our country.
iv. Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) services have been growing rapidly.
 Industrial Pollution and Environmental
Degradation
Causes of air pollution:
i. Airborne particulate materials which contain both solid and liquid
particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke causes air pollution.
ii. Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels causes air
pollution.
iii. Toxic gas leaks from industries causes air pollution. Example the
Bhopal Gas tragedy.

Effects of air pollution:

i. Air pollution causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous
and circulatory systems.
ii. Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric
pollution.
iii. Air pollution can also cause acid rains.
 Water pollution
a. Industrial activities:
i. Industrial wastes, polluted waste water, poisonous gases, chemical
residuals, heavy metals, dust, smoke, etc. causes water pollution.
ii. Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off in running water or lakes.
Consequently, poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, rivers and other
water bodies, which destroy the bio-system of these waters.
iii. Major water polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles and
chemicals.

b. Agricultural activities:
i. Various types of chemicals used in modern agriculture such as inorganic
fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides causes water pollution.
ii. These chemicals are washed down to rivers, lakes, tanks and under ground
water and causes water pollution.
iii. Fertilizer induces an increase in the nitrate content of surface
 Water pollution

c. Cultural activities:
• Such as pilgrimage, religious fairs, tourism, etc. also cause water pollution.
d. Urban activities:
Such as Sewage disposal, urban run-off causes water pollution
Thermal pollution:
• It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into
rivers and ponds before cooling

Effects of Thermal pollution:

• Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities
cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
• Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents,
packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless.
• Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and
the ground water also gets contaminated.
 Noise pollution

Main source of noise pollution are:

• It is caused by Industrial and construction activities, Machinery and
factory equipment, Generators, Saws, Pneumatic and Electric drills.
• Noise from sirens, loudspeakers used in various festivals, programs
associated with community activities.
• The biggest noise pollution is produced by traffic.

Effects of Noise pollution:

• It results in irritation and anger
• It can also cause hearing impairment Increased heart rate and blood
pressure among other physiological effects.
• Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
 Control of Environmental Degradation
• Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages.
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
• Regulating the overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry.
• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories
with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
• Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
• Generators should be fitted with silencers.
• Redesigning machineries to increase their energy efficiency and reduce noise.
• Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and
earphones
• Minimising the use of fuels that produce harmful gases and adopting clever fuels
such as biogas and natural gas
• Establishing waste treatment and sewage treatment plants for preventing land and
water pollution.
 Sustainable development
• sustainable development is integrating economic
development with environmental concerns
NTPC initiative for sustainable development:
• Optimum utilization of equipment adopting latest techniques
and upgrading existing equipment.
• Minimizing waste generation by maximizing ash utilization.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance
• Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond
management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
• Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database
management for all its power stations.