Chapter 4 Health

CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & Health UniKL MICET
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Chapter 4
Health
Universiti Kuala Lumpur 1
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology

CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & Health SCET
MICET
Topic Outcomes
It is expected that students will be able to:
 List the importance of health at work
 Define the hazardous substances
 List the effects of hazardous substances
 Define the toxicology
 List the danger of physical hazards
 Define the environmental health
 Understand the rules and regulations related to

safety and health
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Content
4.0 Health
4.1 Introduction to health aspects at work
4.2 Effects on hazardous substances
4.3 Introduction to toxicology
4.4 Introduction to physical hazard – noise,
vibration
4.5 Introduction to environmental health
4.6 Awareness of regulation relating to safety
and health
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4.1 Introduction to health aspects at

work
Importance:
i. Productivity
ii. Contribute to sustainable
development
iii. Employability
iv. Public health

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Hazardous Substances
Chemicals and other

substances that can
affect health, causing
illness or disease
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Industrial Hazardous Substances

i. Acids
ii. Caustic substances
iii. Disinfectants *Disinfectants are substances that

are applied to non-living objects
iv. Glues to destroy microorganisms that
are living on the objects eg. Dettol,
v. Heavy metals detergents
vi. Paint
vii. Pesticides
viii. Petroleum products
ix. Solvents
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4.2 Effect of Hazardous Substances

i. Poisoning
ii. Nausea (feeling sick) and vomiting
iii. Headache
iv. Skin rashes, such as dermatitis*

*itchy skin disorder
v. Chemical burns
vi. Birth defects
vii. Disorders of the lung, kidney or liver
viii.Nervous system disorders.

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4.3 Introduction to Toxicology
Traditional definition of toxicology

is "the science of poisons."
A more descriptive definition of
toxicology is "the study of the
adverse effects of chemicals or
physical agents on living
organisms".
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Adverse effects may occur:
i. in many forms, from immediate

death to subtle* changes not
realized until months or years
later. *hard to notice
ii. at various levels within the body,

iii. an organ, a type of cell, or a
specific biochemical.
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Toxicology – Terminology & Definitions

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Toxicology Agent
Anything that can produce an
adverse biological effect. It may be
chemical, physical, or biological in
form.
For example:
 chemical (such as cyanide)
 physical (such as radiation)
 biological (such as snake venom).
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Toxicology – Entry Routes

Entry Route Entry Organ Method of Control
Enforcement of rules on
Mouth or
Ingestion eating, drinking and
stomach
smoking
Ventilation, respirators,
Mouth or
Inhalation hoods and other personal
nose
protective equipment
Proper protective
Injection Cuts in skin
clothing
Dermal Proper protective
Skin
Absorption clothing
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Factors Influencing Toxicity

1. Form
~ Cr3+ is relatively non-toxic whereas
Cr6+ causes skin or nasal corrosion
and lung cancer. *Chromium (oxidation states +3 and +6)
is described with complex ions
with water, ammonia and chloride ion
2. Innate** chemical activity
~ Some can quickly damage cells
causing immediate cell death. Others
slowly interfere only with a cell's
function.
**existing from the time a person or animal is born
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Toxicology – Dosage, dose-time relationship
(something that relieves pain)
(pain killer)
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Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t
3. Exposure route
~ ingested chemicals, when absorbed
from the intestine*, distribute first to
the liver and may be immediately
detoxified
~ inhaled toxicants immediately enter the
general blood circulation and can
distribute throughout the body prior to
being detoxified by the liver
*usus
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4. Selective toxicity/Species
~ an insecticide* is lethal (cause
death) to insects but relatively
non-toxic to animals
~ antibiotics are selectively toxic
to microorganisms while virtually
non-toxic to humans
*An insecticide is a chemical used against insects
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5. Age
~ parathion* is more toxic to young animals
~ nitrosamines** are more carcinogenic to
newborn or young animals
*methyl parathion is a chemical pesticide
6. Sex ** carcinogenic chemical compounds
~ male rats are 10 times more sensitive

than females to liver damage from DDT*
~ female rats are twice as sensitive to
parathion as male rats
*DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is an organochlorine insecticide
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7. Ability to be absorbed
~ ethanol is readily absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract* but
poorly absorbed through the skin
~ organic mercury is readily absorbed
from the gastrointestinal tract;
inorganic lead sulfate is not
*The human gastrointestinal tract is the stomach and intestine,
sometimes including all the structures from the mouth to the anus
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8. Metabolism
~ Detoxification is the process by
which a xenobiotic* is converted to
a less toxic form
~ Bioactivities is the process by
which a xenobiotic may be converted
to more reactive or toxic forms.
*a chemical compound as a drug, pesticide, or carcinogen
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9. Distribution
~ Fat tissue, liver, kidney, and
bone are the most common
storage depots.
~ Blood serves as the main avenue
for distribution. Lymph* also
distributes some materials.
*Lymph is clear or white fluid that travels through vessels, moves
within tissues and work to keep all the parts of the body clean
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10. Site and rate of excretion*

~ The kidney is the primary
excretory organ, followed by the
gastrointestinal tract, and the
lungs (for gases).
~ Impaired kidney function causes
slower elimination of toxicants and
increases their toxic potential.
*Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism and
other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism
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11. Presence of other chemicals
~ may decrease toxicity , add to toxicity
(additivity), or increase toxicity
(synergism or potentiation) of some
xenobiotics
~ alcohol may enhance the effect of many
antihistamines and sedatives
~ antidotes function by antagonizing the
toxicity of a poison (atropine
counteracts poisoning by
organophosphate insecticides)
Toxicology Effects
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4.4 Introduction to Physical Hazards
“NOISE”
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Sound or Noise?
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What is Noise?
Unwanted, bothersome or painful sound
is more than just a pain in

the ear... it is harmful to your
health.
Measuring unit – Decibel (dB)
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Permissible Exposure Limit

 Action level 85 dB
 Continuous sound – should not
more than 90dB
 Impulse Noise should not more
than 140 dB
1. A decibel (dB) is a unit of measurement of voltage or other intensity.
2. Abbreviation for DeciBels Adjusted, dBA is the noise power calculated in dB.
The ‘A’ refers to what is known as the ‘A weighting’
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Noise Measuring Equipment
 Sound Level Meters (SLM)

 Continuous on-mobile sources
 Noise Dosimeters
 Mobile/variable noise
sources
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Effect of Noise
The most common effect of noise:-
 Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)
 TTS is defined as the hearing loss
suffered as result of noise exposure.
 Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS).
 Tinnitus*
 Communication Problems.
*Tinnitus is a term that describes any sound that a person can hear that comes
from inside the body rather than from an outside source
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NOISE CONTROL
Common City Sounds Decibels (dBA)

quiet home 20
normal talking 40
ringing telephone 60
air conditioner 75
*Sustained exposure to noise over 90

decibels can cause permanent hearing
loss.
shouting
subway train 100
honking horns
jack hammers
loud music 120
jet take-off
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Effect of Noise…con’t
Time-weighted average noise (TWAN) ~
determine if exposures are exceeded:
TWAN = C1/T1 + C2/T2 +……..Cn/Tn

Noise dose exposure:
D = 100 [C1/T1 + C2/T2 +……..Cn/Tn ]

Note :
C x is the total time of exposure at a specified noise level
Tx is the total time permitted at the specified noise level
If TWAN is greater than 1.0, the exposure exceeds the
OSHA limits..
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The two factors that determine how hazardous

noise is are:
Intensity (Loudness) measured in dBA
Time of Exposure measured in Hours and
Minutes
The louder the noise, the more hazardous it is.

Also, the longer the exposure time, the more
hazardous the noise is.
A “Noise Dose” combines both loudness and time

and is a convenient way of describing the
relative hazard of the noise.
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Allowable Noise exposure is based on Noise

Dose.
Noise Dose is expressed as a percentage of
the allowable limit. How high it goes depends
on both noise intensity and time of exposure to
noise.
•Louder (More dBA) = More Noise Dose
•Longer (More Time) = More Noise Dose
Absolute Quiet = 0% Noise Dose
85 dBA for 8 Hrs = 50% Noise Dose
90 dBA for 8 hrs = 100% Noise Dose
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Different combinations of Loudness and Time can produce

the same Noise Dose. The following combinations can all
produce about 75% Noise Dose.
 84 dBA for 14 Hrs = 76%
 85 dBA for 12 Hrs = 75%
 87 dBA for 9 Hrs = 74%
 88 dBA for 8 Hrs = 76%
 93 dBA for 4 Hrs = 76%
 95 dBA for 3 Hrs = 75%
 98 dBA for 2 Hrs = 75%
103 dBA for 1 Hr = 76%
108 dBA for 30 Min = 76%
113 dBA for 15 Min = 76%
Note: The above Noise Doses are based on using the 80 dBA (Low)
threshold.
Table 1 Safe Exposure Time MICET
Sound Level, dBA Permissible time, hours
80 32
85 16
90 8
95 4
100 2
105 1
110 0.5
115 0.25
120 0.125
125 0.063
130 0.031
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Table 2 Dose / Percentage Noise

Exposure
% of Noise exposure *TWAN – 8 hours
(Dose)
25 80
50 85
100 90
200 95
400 100
*TWAN - Time Weighted Average Noise Levels shows a worker's daily exposure to
occupational noise (normalized to an 8 hour day), taking into account the average
levels of noise and the time spent in each area. This is the parameter that is used by
the OSHA Regulations and is essential in assessing a workers exposure and
what action should be taken
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Table 3 SCALE FOR COMBINING NOISE SOURCES
Difference between two decibel Amount to be added to larger level
levels to be added (dB)
to obtain decibel sum (dB)
0 3.0
1 2.6
2 2.1
3 1.8
4 1.4
5 1.2
6 1.0
7 0.8
8 0.6
9 0.5
10 0.4
11 0.3
12 0.2
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Noise Control
1, TWAN
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TUTORIAL: Estimation of noise dose/ exposure
A worker exposed to noise at a workstation that consist of
four sources, resulted the following readings for various
time periods during the 8-hour shift. Calculate the
cumulative noise exposure for employee to determine
whether the Action Levels and maximum Permissible
Exposure Levels have been exceeded.
MACHINE NO NOISE LEVEL
1 86 dB
2 86 dB
3 82 dB
4 78 dB
Tip: Use table 3 to estimate the differences in noise exposure. And table 1 to
make decision whether the worker expose to noise below /exceed the PEL
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TUTORIAL: Estimation of noise dose/ exposure
A worker exposed to noise at a workstation, resulted the
following readings for various time periods during the 8-hour
shift. Calculate the cumulative noise exposure for employee
to determine whether the Action Levels and maximum
Permissible Exposure Levels (PEL) have been exceeded.
Time A weighted sound level
8:00-10:00am 90 dBA
10:00-11:00am 95 dBA
11:00-12:30pm 75 dBA
12:30-1:30pm 85 dBA
1:30-2:00pm 95 dBA
2:00-4:00pm 90 dBA
Tip: Use table 1 to estimate the percentages in noise exposure. And table 2
to make decision whether the worker expose to noise below /exceed the PEL
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Noise Control
Attenuation* Method:
- Reducing sound intensity
- Porous mediums, air, insulator
- Used muffler or silencer
*the gradual loss in intensity or reduction of noise strength during transmission

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Noise Control…con’t
Engineering Control
- modification or replacement of
equipment, or related physical change at
the noise source or along the
transmission path that reduces the noise
level at the employee's ear
- e.g: mufflers on heavy equipment
exhausts or on air release valves
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Engineering Control
Muffler
Silencer
Engineering Control
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Attenuation Method
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Administrative Control
“changes in the work schedule or

operations which reduce noise exposure”
Examples:
Post signboard at the entrance to any work area
where noise levels equal or exceed 85 dB
Increasing the distance, rotation of jobs between
workers in the high noise area
Enforcement of the wearing of hearing protection
in the designated areas using established
disciplinary procedures
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Hearing protective devices (HPD)
any device that can be worn to

reduce the level of sound entering
the ear where:
greater than 85 dBA sound levels
and/or;
120 dB peak sound pressure level
or greater
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Premolded Earplugs
Custom Molded Earplugs
Earmuffs Formable
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Formable
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Good Fit Improper Fit

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Vibration Hazard
i. Closely associated with noise hazards
ii. affects the hands, arms or whole body; if
handle heavy equipment.
iii. Lead to motion sickness to spinal injury;
called hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAV).
iv. May also produce injuries of the joints, of
the hands, elbows and shoulders.
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Control Measures for Vibration Hazard

i. Limit the employee exposure ~ no more than
4 hours per day, two days per week.
ii. Use Low-vibration tools
iii. Change the employee work habits
 Wear properly fitted thick gloves that absorb vibration
 Taking periodic breaks (recommended 10 minutes every
hour)
 Using vibration–absorbing floor mats & seat covers.
 Keeping tools properly maintained (replacing vibration-
absorbing pads regularly)
 Using a loose grip on the tool & holding it away from the
body
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Radiation Hazard
Two categories:
 Ionizing & Nonionizing
Ionizing Radiation
 Such as Ultraviolet (UV), x-rays and gamma ray
 Adverse effects: genetic changes (broken bonds &
damage DNA), cancer, leukemia, ulceration, etc
and in extreme cases death
 UV can affects the eyes and causing intense
conjunctivitis (welder’s flash)
 Symptoms are redness of the eyes and pain
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Radiation Hazard
Non-ionizing Radiation
 Non-ionizing radiation for common tasks:
 microwave radiation telecommunications and heating
food
 infrared radiation infrared lamps to keep food warm in
restaurants
 radio waves broadcasting
 source: microwave oven, AM radio, FM radio, TV
 Adverse effects:
 Thermal ~ introduce high currents (heating)
 Non-thermal ~ low currents
 Photo chemical effect (optical) for IR
AM~ amplitude modulation, FM ~ frequency modulation
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Light (Glare)
Poor illumination:
Eye strain, headache, eye pain, congestion
around cornea and eye fatigue
Excessive brightness:
Discomfort, annoyance and visual fatigue
Intense direct glare*
Blurring of vision and lead to accidents
*Glare is difficulty seeing in the presence of bright light such as direct or reflected sunlight
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Heat
 Operations on construction sites, heat
from machines or processes ~ hot and
uncomfortable.
 Direct effects:
o burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, heat
cramps*
 Indirect effects:
o decreased efficiency, increased fatigue,
enhanced accident rates
*Heat cramps are muscle spasms (contraction of a muscle) that result from loss
of large amount of salt and water through exercise
What signs and symptoms might you

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notice if your body is too hot?

 Tired and less mentally alert. This increases
the danger of accidents.
 Sweat. The body produces sweat so the
evaporation will cool you off. Sweating isn’t as
effective if the air is very humid, because not
as much sweat evaporates.
 Heat rash ~ is a red or pink rash usually found
on body areas covered by clothing
 Sunburn. Sunburn can be painful and may even
lead to skin cancer.
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What does heat stress do to your body?

First symptom - heat cramps. Muscle pain or muscle
spasms. Most common in the arms. Heat exhaustion
can follow. Your whole body or circulatory system is
extremely stressed. Some possible symptoms are:
 Pale, flushed face and neck
 Clammy skin
 Heavy sweating
 Fatigue
 Shortness of breath
 Headache, dizziness,
 Nausea and vomiting
 Rapid heartbeat and breathing
What’s the best treatment for the

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different stages of heat stress?

Heat cramps — Stop work, drink fluids, and rest
in a cool area. Drinking electrolyte solutions may
also help.
Heat exhaustion — Give first aid by moving the
person to a cool place to rest. Remove as much
clothing as possible. Give the person water.
Drinking electrolyte solutions may also help. Don’t
allow the person to get chilled, and treat for shock
if necessary. Get medical help.
Heat stroke — Call 999 to get an ambulance
immediately. Immerse the person in cool water or
ice.
What precaution do we need to take on

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the site to prevent heat stress?

1. Assign strenuous* work during cooler
parts of the day.
2. Give new hires who are not acclimatized
lighter work during their first week.
3. Rotate workers in strenuous, hot jobs so
no one is exposed too long.
4. Shield or enclose sources of heat (eg.
furnaces) to minimize radiant heat.
*strenuous requires all your effort and strength, like a hard workout at the gym

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the site to prevent heat stress?

5. Provide water-cooled garments or ice-
packet vests where necessary.
6. Keep first aid supplies and equipment
available.
7. Drink a lot of cool water. You may need a
quart an hour or more, depending on
conditions. Drink even if you don’t feel
thirsty.
8. Take frequent breaks in an air-conditioned
or shaded area.
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Cold
The effects of cold on

your body range all the
way from numbness*, to *Loss of
feeling
the loss of a hand or foot,

to hypothermia** and even
death. **abnormally low body temperature.
It can make you sleepy, confused and clumsy
When and where might you be exposed

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to extremely cold temperatures in work

place?
 Outdoors on a cold day
 In a refrigerated room
 In an unheated building
 During a vehicle breakdown
 When working in cold water
 When handling cold objects or materials.
What are some effects of cold on your

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body?
1. Dehydration.
You can get dehydration from cold as easily as you can
from heat.
2. Numbness (no sense, no feeling)
Toes, ears, nose tip, and cheeks.
3. Shivering ( body shaking if with cold)
This is the body’s way of trying to warm up.
4. Frostbite.
Parts of your body freeze. The first warning sign may
be a sharp, prickly sensation but if the affected body
parts are already numb, you won’t feel anything. skin
may turn another color (red, white, gray, purple, or
black, depending on the severity), also peel off. Can get
a permanent injury, like loss of a body part.
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5.Immersion foot (trench foot).

Skin is exposed to cold and dampness too long. The skin
doesn’t actually freeze, but you can get swelling, itching,
loss of skin, or skin ulcers.
6. Hypothermia.
This is the most serious effect of cold. Your body can’t
maintain its normal temperature (37 °C). Symptoms
include low body temperature, violent shivering, slow or
slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, a
weak and irregular pulse, or even unconsciousness. If not
treated right away, you can die.

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the site to protect against cold?
 Control temperature and wind when

possible by using heaters and
windbreaks.
 Rotate workers in cold jobs so no
one is exposed too long.
 Keep first aid supplies and
equipment available.

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the site to protect against cold?
 Drink warm liquids—but not too

much coffee. Soup and broth
are better.
 Take your breaks in a warm
area (like a heated shed,
trailer, or van).
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4.5 Introduction to Environmental

Health
Environmental Health is the branch of
public health that is concerned with all
aspects of the natural and built
environment that may affect human
health.
It refer to the discipline of environmental
health include environmental public health
and environmental health and protection.
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Environmental health addresses all human-health-

related aspects of both the natural environment
and the built environment. Environmental health
concerns include:
1.Air quality, including both ambient
outdoor air and indoor air quality, which
also comprises concerns about
environmental tobacco smoke.
2.Climate change and its effects on
health.
3.Disaster preparedness and response.
4.Food safety, including in agriculture,
transportation, food processing,
wholesale and retail distribution and sale.
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5. Hazardous materials management,

including hazardous waste management,
contaminated site remediation, the
prevention of leaks from underground
storage tanks and the prevention of
hazardous materials releases to the
environment and responses to emergency
situations resulting from such releases.
6. Liquid waste disposal, including city
wastewater treatment plants and on-site
waste water disposal systems, such as
septic tank systems and chemical toilets.
7. Medical waste management and disposal.
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8. Noise pollution control.
9. Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
10. Radiological health, including exposure to
ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive
isotopes.
11. Safe drinking water.
12. Solid waste management, including landfills,
recycling facilities, composting and solid waste
transfer stations.
13. Toxic chemical exposure whether in
consumer products, housing, workplaces, air,
water or soil.
14. Vector control, including the control of
mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches and
other animals that may transmit pathogens.
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Objectives of Environmental Health
1. To achieve a sustainable basis for

health
2. To ensure an environment that
promotes health
3. To make individuals and organizations
aware of their responsibility for
health and its environmental basis.
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4. To achieve safe, sustainable and health-enhancing

human environments, protected from biological,
chemical and physical hazards, and secure from
the adverse effects of global and local
environmental threats.
5. To facilitate incorporation of effective health
dimensions into regional and global policies
affecting health and environment, and into
national development policies and action plans for
environment and health, including legal and
regulatory frameworks governing management of
the human environment
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4.6 Awareness of Regulation relating

to Safety and Health (Law)
 Occupational Safety and Health, 1994
[OSHA or ACT 514, 1994]
 Regulations under OSHA, 1994
 Factories and Machinery Act, 1967
[FMA or ACT 139, 1967]
 Regulations under FMA. 1967
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Health and Safety “POLICE”
WHO ?????
DOSH
Department of
Occupational
Safety and Health
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Malaysian Regulatory structure
 Act
 Regulation Descending
sequence
 Order
 Codes of Practices
 Guidelines
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Primary Aim of OSHA

 The Occupational Safety and Health Act,
1994 provides for the promotion,
coordination, administration and
enforcement of occupational S & H.
 The Act place certain duties on employers,
employees, self-employed persons,
manufacturer, designers and suppliers. It
also place emphasis on the prevention of
accidents, ill health and injury
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Civil vs. OSH Law
FMA – Factories and Machineries Acts

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OSHA 1994 has 15 parts:
PART I: PRELIMINARY
PART II: APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS
PART III:NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR OCC.
SAFETY AND HEALTH
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PART IV: GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS

AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS
15. General duties of employers and self-
employed persons to their employees.
16. Duty to formulate safety and health policy.
17. General duties of employers and self-
employed persons to persons other than their
employees.
18. Duties of an occupier of a place of work to
persons other than his employees.
19. Penalty for an offence under section 15. 16.
17 or 18
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PART V: GENERAL DUTIES OF DESIGNERS,

MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS
20. General duties of manufacturers, etc. as

regards plant for use at work.
21. General duties of manufacturers, etc. as
regards substances for use at work.
22. Explanations to sections 20 and 21.
23. Penalty for an offence under section 20 or 21.
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PART VI: GENERAL DUTIES OF

EMPLOYEES
24. General duties of employees at work.

25. Duty not to interfere with or misuse
things provided pursuant to certain
provisions.
26. Duty not to charge employees for
things done or provided.
27. Discrimination against employee, etc.
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PART VII: SAFETY AND HEALTH

ORGANIZATIONS
28. Medical surveillance.

29. Safety and health officer
30. Establishment of safety and health
committee at place of work.
31. Functions of safety and health
committee.
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PART VIII: NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS,

DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE,
OCCUPATIONAL POISIONING AND
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES AND
INQUIRY
PART IX: PROHIBITION AGAINST USE OF PLANT
OR SUBSTANCE
PART X: INDUSTRY CODES OF PRACTICE
PART XI: ENFORCEMENT AND INSPECTION
PART XII: LIABILITY FOR OFFENSES
PART XIII: APPEALS
PART XIV: REGULATIONS
PART XV: MISCELLANEOUS
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Terminology and Definition

 Occupier – in relation to place of work, means a person
who has the management or control of the place of work
 Place of work – means premises where persons work or
premises used for the storage of plant or substance
 Plant - includes machinery, equipment, appliance, tools,
any component and anything fitted or connected
 Premises – includes any land, building or part of building,
any vehicle, vessel or aircraft. Any installation on land,
offshore installation or other installation whether o the
bed of or floating on any water, any tent or movable
structure
 Prescribed – means prescribed by this Act or the
regulations
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OSH Regulation include:

1. OSH (Employers’ Safety and Health General
Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulations,
1995
2. OSH (Safety and Health Committee)
Regulations, 1996
3. OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations,
1997
4. OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Order, 1997
5. OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident

Hazards) Regulations, 1996
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OSH Regulation include:…con’t
6. OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labeling

of Hazardous Chemical) Regulations, 1997
7. OSH (Use and Standards of Exposure of
Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations,
2000
8. OSH (Prohibition of Use of Substance)
Order, 1999
9. OSH (Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and
Occupational Disease) Regulations, 2004
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OSH (Employers’ Safety and Health

General Policy Statements)
(Exception) Regulations, 1995
 Section 16 of the Act (to establish

policy) applies to every employer and
every self-employed person except
who carry on an undertaking with less
than 5 employees.
OSH (Safety and Health Committee)

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Regulations, 1996
Every employer shall establish S&HC at
place of work in accordance with this
section if:
 There are FORTY (40) or more persons
employed at the place of work;
OR
 The Director General directed the
establishment of such a committee at place of
work
Objectives of Safety and Health

MICET
Committee
 To provide consultation and cooperation
between mgmt and workers in upgrading S&H
at work
 To provide two-way communication
channel for dissemination of information on
S&H issues.
 To enhance interest and motivation of all
groups of mgmt and workers at place of work
in all S&H
Safety and Health Committee

MICET
Composition
i. Employer or his authorized manager
ii. Secretary/Safety Officer
iii. Mgmt representatives (Division Mgr /
Section Supervisor)
iv. Worker representatives
(representative from every section and
process)
Where
There are <100 person or less employed ; at least 2 representatives
from employees and management
There are > 100 person employed; at least 4 representatives each from
employees and management
Safety and Health Committee Main

MICET
Function
1. Review the measures taken to ensure
the S & H of persons at the place of
work
2. Investigation on any matters at the
place of work;
 which a member of committee / employee
brought the attention of employer
 which has been brought to the attention of
employees
MICET
Safety and Health Committee Main

Function…con’t
3. Meeting
 Frequency, at least every 3 months.
 Minutes of meeting to submit to top
management within 10 days
 Recordkeeping
4. Training and information
Safety and Health Committee

MICET
Function (others)
 Workplace inspection at least once in 3 months.
 Make recommendation.
 Accident investigation
 Complaint investigation
 Establish & discuss S & H rules with Mgmt
 Study trend of accident, near-miss or
occupational diseases, poisoning & dangerous
occurrences
 Report of unsafe condition or practices
 Recommend Corrective Action
MICET
OSH (Safety and Health

Officer) Regulations, 1997
 Qualification for registration

 Notification of S & H Officer
 Duties of S & H Officer
 Submission of report to employer

MICET

Chapter 4 Health

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Chapter 4 Health

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CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & Health UniKL MICET

Universiti Kuala Lumpur 1

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology

 List the effects of hazardous substances

 Define the toxicology

 List the danger of physical hazards

 Define the environmental health

 Understand the rules and regulations related to

4.1 Introduction to health aspects at

iv. Public health

Chemicals and other

Industrial Hazardous Substances

iii. Disinfectants *Disinfectants are substances that

viii. Petroleum products

4.2 Effect of Hazardous Substances

iv. Skin rashes, such as dermatitis*

vi. Birth defects

vii. Disorders of the lung, kidney or liver

viii.Nervous system disorders.

4.3 Introduction to Toxicology

Traditional definition of toxicology

Adverse effects may occur:

i. in many forms, from immediate

ii. at various levels within the body,

Toxicology – Terminology & Definitions

Toxicology – Entry Routes

Factors Influencing Toxicity

Toxicology – Dosage, dose-time relationship

(something that relieves pain)

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

~ male rats are 10 times more sensitive

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

10. Site and rate of excretion*

Factors Influencing Toxicity...con’t

4.4 Introduction to Physical Hazards

is more than just a pain in

Permissible Exposure Limit

Noise Measuring Equipment

 Sound Level Meters (SLM)

Common City Sounds Decibels (dBA)

*Sustained exposure to noise over 90

TWAN = C1/T1 + C2/T2 +……..Cn/Tn

D = 100 [C1/T1 + C2/T2 +……..Cn/Tn ]

The two factors that determine how hazardous

The louder the noise, the more hazardous it is.

A “Noise Dose” combines both loudness and time

Allowable Noise exposure is based on Noise

Different combinations of Loudness and Time can produce

Table 1 Safe Exposure Time MICET

Sound Level, dBA Permissible time, hours

Table 2 Dose / Percentage Noise

*the gradual loss in intensity or reduction of noise strength during transmission

“changes in the work schedule or

Hearing protective devices (HPD)

any device that can be worn to

Hearing protective devices (HPD)

Hearing protective devices (HPD)

Hearing protective devices (HPD)