Select the wanted frequency and reject some of

the unwanted frequencies.

1. Greater gain, i.e., better sensitivity
2. Improved image-frequency rejection
3. Improved signal-to-noise ratio
4. Improved rejection of adjacent unwanted
signals, i.e., better selectivity
5. Better coupling of the receiver to the antenna
6. Prevention of spurious frequencies from
entering the mixer and heterodyning there to
produce an interfering frequency equal to the IF
from the desired signal
7. Prevention of reradiation of the local oscillator
through the antenna of the receiver (relatively
rare)
 Adjacent channel selectivity (Double spotting)
fo = fs + fi, fs = fo - fi
fsi = fo+ fi
fsi = fs +2fi
Where;
fo – oscillator frequency
fs – signal frequency
fi – intermediate frequency
fsi – image frequency
 The rejection of an image frequency by a
single-tuned circuit, i.e., the ratio of the gain
at the signal frequency to the gain at the
image frequency, is given by

α = 1 + 𝑄²ρ²
Where;

Q = loaded Q of tuned circuit

 a
1. The receiver is tuned to 550 kHz
2. The local oscillator (because of mechanical linking)
will generate a frequency of 1005 kHz (always 455
kHz above the station carrier frequency)
3. The mixer will produce a usable output of 455 kHz
(the difference frequency of LO -RF, 1005 kHz -550
kHz)
4. The mixer output is fed to the IF amp (which can
respond only to 455 kHz ± 3 kHz; all the other
frequencies are rejected
5. The converted signal is rectified and filtered
(detected), to eliminate the unusable portions, and -
amplified for listening purposes
 The IF amplifier is a fixed-frequency
amplifier, with the very important function of
rejecting adjacent unwanted frequencies.
 Operation of diode detector
 The significant difference between FET and
bipolar transistor receivers, from the point of
view of AGC application, is that in the bipolar
case bias current is fed back, so that some
power is required.
 Two types of distortion may arise in diode
detectors.
1. Caused by the ac and de diode load
impedances being unequal
2. Caused by the fact that the ac load
impedance acquires a reactive component at
the highest audio frequencies.