Fossil Fuels

Introduction and Study Plan

Lecture 1, 2& 3

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Introduction and Study Plan
 Course Objectives:
Upon completion students should have a basic understanding of,
1. How we use fossil fuels;
2. The origins,
3. Compositions, and occurrences;
4. Properties of Fuels , analysis to determine calorific value and
fuel constituents
5. Production and the technologies used to produce them;
6. The environmental consequences of their use.

This is required knowledge if, as a society, we are going to make

informed decisions regarding national and global energy and
environmental policy issues that confront us.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Introduction and Study Plan
The course starts with a general introduction to fossil fuels, geologic principles
& their utilization and ends with a comparative study with nuclear, hydro
power, hydrogen as fuel and geothermal resources along with discussion of
environmental issues associated with fossil fuel use.

Main topics to be covered:

• Energy, forms and characteristics

• Conventional and non-conventional fuels, advantages and disadvantages of
each
• Efficiencies based on various subsystems
• Environmental problems associated with fossil fuels, global warming and
global dimming
• Coal, origin, types, extraction, coal analysis
• Different plants producing energy with coal, location, efficiencies

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Introduction and Study Plan
 Course Outline:
Week Lecture Topic
Preview of the outlines, introduction to energy resources,
1
classification
Historical development of energy technology and its impact upon
2
1 society
Renewable and non-renewable energy resources, historic trend in
3
energy use
Advantages and disadvantages of nonrenewable and renewable
4
energy
5 Future energy demands, energy crises Vs energy problem (globally)
2
Energy resources in Pakistan, present and future energy needs in
6
Pakistan
Pakistan’s energy crises, short and long term energy solutions-Class
7
opinion
Effect of pollutants, global warming, greenhouse effect and global
3 8
dimming
9 Continued
Energy characteristics, different forms of energy, units and
10
conversion
Advantages and disadvantages of each energy form; heat,
11
chemical, nuclear etc.
4
Energy conversion processes and technologies, advantages and
12
disadvantages of different technologies

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Introduction and Study Plan
Relating efficiency with energy conversion, over-all
13
efficiency
Energy conversion in electric power plant, comparison of
14
5 efficiencies (coal, gas, oil)

15 Coal types, characteristics, geographical resources

Exploration and extraction technologies, coal analysis (FCC,

16
FSI. Caking etc)
Calorific value determination, CO2 emission control,
6 17
conversion technologies

18 Coal combustion systems, various stokers and types

Gasification types, fluidized bed, fixed bed gasifier, working

19
and construction

7 20 Consideration for coal plant design and simple calculations

21 Gasification and liquefaction of coal

22 Continued
Petroleum; origin, abiogenic and biogenic theories,
23
8 geographical reserves
24 Continued

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Introduction and Study Plan
9 25 Gravity, magnetic, seismic and other methods

26 Continued
Kerogen and their types, exploration and extraction
27
technologies
28 Drilling operation and various components
10
29 Continued

30 Accumulation in reservoir, conversion technologies

11 31 Recovery methods, primary, secondary and tertiary recovery

32 Hydro treating cracking and types

33 Continued
34 Refining methods, end products
12
35 Continued
Natural gas; geographical reserves, exploration and
36
extraction technologies

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Introduction and Study Plan
37 Gas plant processing, conversion technologies

13 38 Continued
39 Associated and non-associated gas
Nuclear; atomic theory, isotopes, binding energy, critical
40
mass, half life

14 41 Radiation and types, chain reaction, uranium enrichment

42 Fission reaction, fusion reaction

Pressurized and boiler water reactor, schematic and
43
working
44 Continued
15
45 High and low level radioactive waste, worked example

46 Hydrogen; production/extraction technologies, electrolysis

47 Photochemical process, photo-electrochemical process

16
Conversion technologies (a) fuel cells-electricity (b)
48
combustion-thermal

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Introduction and Study Plan
 Recommended Books:
1. Coal Energy Systems by Bruce G. Miller
2. The Chemistry and technology of
Petroleum by Heinz Heinemann, fourth
edition.
3. Fundamental of natural gas processing by
L.L. Faulkner

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Introduction and Study Plan

FUEL
A fuel is any material that can be made to
react with other substances so that it
releases chemical or nuclear energy as heat
or to be used for work.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

Introduction to energy resources

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

Classification of Energy resources

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

Classification of Energy resources

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

Classification of Energy resources

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Human Energy Needs
 Our energy consumption has led us to develop
new energy sources and technologies.
 In a century, liquid fuels and electricity have
improved our standard of living and provided us
with more mobility than people in any other era.
 Energy is essential for all we do as individuals and
as societies.
 Energy production, use, and distribution also cause
some of the most pressing environmental
problems.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Human Energy Needs

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Historical Development of Energy Technology and its
impact upon Society

 The muscle power of human beings and

animals was the first application of energy
by humans and the food chain was the
energy system in use.
 Humans have long "designed" energy
systems with the goal of producing the
most work possible with the least amount
of human effort to generate the energy.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Historical Development of Energy Technology and its
impact upon Society

 Pre-Industrial society depended primarily on

muscle power and biomass for their energy
needs.
 Biomass consisted primarily of wood or peat
and its energy delivery had a low efficiency.
 Amory Lovins, an expert on energy, states,
"Most of the energy generated by wood or
peat went up in the chimneys rather than into
the room or cooking pot of pre-industrial
societies."
Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels
 Historical Development of Energy Technology and its
impact upon Society

 Animal power in the form of horse mills, wind

power in the form of windmills, and water
power with the use of a water wheel were
major energy sources harnessed until the
19th century; especially for "industrial uses."
 Wood and charcoal were the main fuels for
cooking, heating, and other domestic uses,
but coal and oil were available as well.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Historical Development of Energy Technology and its
impact upon Society

 The Industrial Revolution

• The quest for more powerful energy sources was propelled by
the inventions and discoveries of the Industrial Revolution.
• As sophisticated mechanical inventions were made, a large
reliable and seemingly inexhaustible source of energy became
necessary for industrial uses, and transportation.
• The need for large quantities of accessible, dependable, and
transportable energy encouraged the exploration of energy
sources.
• The inventions of the Industrial Revolution provided the
equipment to further mine or drill the already visible deposits
of coal and oil.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Historical Development of Energy Technology and its
impact upon Society

 The Industrial Revolution

• Steam power was developed in the 1600's in conjunction
with coal mining to help pump water out of the mines.
• It had been known since ancient times that heat could be
used to produce steam, which could then do mechanical
work.
• However, it was only in the late eighteenth century that
commercially successful steam engines were invented.
• In 1820, the advances in mechanical and materials
engineering made the railroad the most efficient and
fastest means of transportation. Coal and wood were
used as the primary fuel source for the steam engine.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

Historical Development of Energy Technology and its impact
upon Society

• In 1859, when petroleum was drilled in Titusville,

Pennsylvania, an apparently plentiful energy
source began to replace coal.
• Oil was distilled into kerosene (referred to as coal
oil) and used as a lamp oil.
• But the most significant use of crude oil was as the
liquid fuel for the internal combustion engine,
designed in 1861 by Nikolaus August Otto.
• In 1879, Thomas Edison invented the incandescent
light bulb -- a major step in the human use of
storable energy leading eventually to large-scale
electrification

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

 Historical, geographical, and political contexts

have led to the adoption of different fuels
and related technologies to produce energy.
 As described in the history section, we have
progressed from using above ground, easily
accessible sources of energy, such as wood
and direct solar energy, to fuels such as coal
and oil that require large infrastructures and
energy to mine and process before extracting
energy from them.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

 over 95% of the world's energy requirement

is currently met by fossil fuels -- coal, oil, and
natural gas. In various technologies, they
release energy by the process of combustion.
 Major byproducts are carbon dioxide and
various residuals such as fly ash.
 Environmental pollution, especially air, global
climate change, and resource depletion are
the greatest drawbacks of heavy fossil fuel
use. Another problem is dependence on
foreign resources.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

Energy
Force of Origin Energy production Usage Environmental Impact
Source
· 38% of world's
consumption in 2000
Electromagnetic Refining and consuming
Oil, · Easily transported
forces in atomic Non renewable produce air, water, and solid
Petroleum · Large portion in
bonds waste pollutants
transportation
industry

· 20% of world's
consumption in 2000
Electromagnetic
· Flexible for use in Produces fewer pollutants
Natural Gas forces in atomic Non renewable
industries, than oil and coal, and less CO2
bonds
transportation, power
generation

Electromagnetic Produces CO2 and other air,

Primary resource for
Coal forces in atomic Non renewable water and solid waste
electricity
bonds pollutants

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

· Burning emits CO2 and other

Biomass: · Renewable pollutants
Wood and · In terms of timber, it is easily Low energy potential · Possible toxic byproducts from
Electromagnetic forces
organic waste harvested and abundant in relative to other societal waste
in atomic bonds
including certain areas; but it takes a resources · Loss of habitat when trees
societal waste long time to grow a tree. harvested, unless sustainable tree
farms
· Renewable
· Clean resource with high Low economic cost, Destruction of farmlands,
Gravitational force of
Hydro-electric efficiency though high start up dislocation of people, loss of
water
· Influenced by climate and costs habitat, alteration of stream flows
geography

· Technology is already in
· Renewable
use for remote
· High economic cost
applications and non-
particularly in terms of start-up
centralized uses where it
Solar Power · Dependent on climate and
Electromagnetic is economically
(photo- geographical location Large land use
energy from the sun competitive with
voltaics) · Need a storage system for the
alternatives
energy to ensure reliability
· Unlimited resource that
· Not advanced enough for
is clean, efficient, safe,
global use
and renewable

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

· Renewable
· Central-thermal systems to
· Solar energy technology
convert solar energy directly to
Solar Power - not advanced enough for
Electromagnetic energy heat
(solar global use
from the sun · More competitive economically
thermal) · Many industrial plants use
than photovoltaics
solar
· Dependent on climate and
geographical location
· Extracts heat from underground
Gravitational pressure
masses of hot rock. · Consumption is localized
Geo-thermal and nuclear reactions in Disrupts natural geyser activity
· Technology is still undeveloped. · Efficient
the Earth's core
· Can be geographically dependent

· Economic cost comparable

to current technologies
· Aesthetic issues
· System must be designed
Gravitational & · Renewable · Needs lots of land
to operate reliably at
Wind Power electromagnetic energy · Unlimited resource that is a very · Possible impacts on birds and their
variable rotor speeds
from the sun clean process, no pollutants migration patterns
· Technology not advanced
· Some noise pollution
enough for global societal
us

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

· Byproduct is highly radioactive

· Non renewable resource U-
235 (uranium)
· Highly technological
infrastructure necessary for
Nuclear Strong nuclear forces
safe operation
Fission in nuclear bonds
· Production of nuclear energy electricity
has a high cost due in part to
regulations
· High water usage for cooling
and highly toxic
· Produces radioactive wastes that
have a long lifetime
· Disposal solution complex
Currently accounts for
technically and politically
10-12% of the world's
· Safety issues in terms of
operating a facility with the
potential to release radiation to
the atmosphere
· Public perception problem in
terms of radiation, etc.

· Technology is not yet viable

and requires research
Nuclear investment Possibility high for water pollution
Weak nuclear force
Fusion · Technology still not because of radioactive tritium
developed enough to make
this a viable source

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

 Classification of Fuel

 Fuels may be classified into two ways:

 According to the nature (Either they are natural or
derived)
– Primary fuels (Which occurs in nature)
– Secondary Fuels (Which are derived from primary
fuels)
 By the state of matter
– Solid fuels
– Liquid Fuels
– Gaseous Fuels
Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels
 Solid Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Wood, Semi coke, Crude oil and Gasoline, Natural Gas Coal gas,
Peat, Coke, petroleum Diesel, Coke Oven Gas,
Lignite Charcoal briquettes, Kerosene, Water gas,
Brown coal, Petroleum coke, Coal Tar and its Producer Gas,
Bituminous coal, Pulverized coal, fractions, Blast Furnace gas,
Anthracite, Colloidal fuels, Alcohol Carbureted Water gas,
Oil Shale, Solid rocket fuels such as & Refinery oil gas,
Tar sand, thiokal, hydrazine, nitro synthetics sprit Synthesis gas,
Bitumen, cellulose. Acetylene,
LPG
Briquettes = Blocks of coal dust
Colloidal= Having properties of mixture and suspension
Bitumen= Impure mixture of hydrocarbons
Bituminous= Rich Hydrocarbon
Lignite=Intermediate in peat and bituminous
Peat=Partially carbonized vegetable with water,
Anthracite=Hard natural coal, which burns slowly and gives intense heat.
Shale= Sedimentary rock formed by deposition of successive layers of clay.
Water gas = Mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with small other gases.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

Fuel Constituent

 The most common fuel elements are carbon and

Hydrogen and most fuels consists of these
elements
 Some Times a little amount of sulfur may exist.
 Fuels some times may also contain some quantity
of oxygen.
 Some incombustibles like water, ash and nitrogen
may also present.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

Criteria for Selection of Fuel

1. The following characteristics are taken into consideration while selecting a fuel for a
particular purpose.
2. The fuel selected should be most suitable for the process. For instance, coke made out of
the bituminous coal is most suitable for blast furnace and also as foundry fuel.
3. The fuel should posses high Calorific Value.
4. The fuel should be cheap and readily available
5. It should posses a moderate ignition temperature. Too high ignition temperature causes
difficulty in kindling while too low ignition temperature may create safety problems
during storage, transportation and use of the fuel.
6. The supply position of the fuel should be reliable.
7. The velocity of the combustion should be moderate.
8. The fuel should have reasonable flexibility and control.
9. Fuel should insure safe and clean operation. Too much smoke and odors are not
desirable.
10. It should be safe, Convenient and economical for storage and transport.
11. It should have low moisture content.
12. In case of a solid fuel, the ash content should be less and size more or less uniform.

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

Unit of Heat
 The units of heat generally employed are calories, kilogram calories, British
Thermal Units and Centigrade Heat Units.
Calorie (Cal) or Gram Calorie (g cal).
 The calorie or gram calorie may be defined as the amount of heat, required
to
 Raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1ºC (more precisely from
15ºC To 16ºC).
 1 calorie = 4.185 Jules = 4.185 x 107 ergs.

Kilo Calorie (Cal) or Kilogram Calorie or Kilogram Centigrade unit (Kcal or

Kg cal or K,C.U.)
 This is equal to 1000 calorie and thus is the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of 1 kg of water through 1 kg of water through 1ºC (more
precisely from 15ºC To 16ºC).
 1 K calorie = 1000 calories

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels

 Energy Sources, Technologies, and Impacts

British Thermal Unit (BTU)

 A British thermal unit is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of
water through 1ºF (more precisely from 60ºF To 61ºF)
 1 BTU = 1054.6 Joules = 1054.6 x 107 ergs.

Centigrade Heat Unit (CHU)

 A Centigrade Heat Unit is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of
water through 1ºC
 1 BTU = 1054.6 Joules = 1054.6 x 107 ergs.
Inter conversion of various unit of Heat
 The various unit described above can be easily inter converted on the basis that 1 kg=2.2 lb
and 1ºC = 1.8ºF.
 1 K calorie = 1000 calories=3.96 BTU =2.2 CHU
 1 BTU =252calories
 100,000 BTU
Therm: a unit of heat equal to 100,000 British thermal units
Erg: a CGS unit of work or energy; the work done by a force of one dyne acting over a distance
of one centimeter.
Dyne: a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 cm/sec/sec to a mass
of 1 gram

Muhammad Irfan Fossil Fuels