Ground ,Fault,Circuit

Interrupters
(GFCI)
Use of Equipment Portable
Electric Equipment
Handling
Visual Inspection
Grounding Type Equipment
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters

 All 120 volt, single phase, 15 and 20

ampere receptacle outlets on construction
sites, which are not a part of the
permanent wiring of the building or
structure and which are in use by
employees, shall have approved ground
fault circuit interrupters for personnel
protection
 Assured Equipment Grounding
Conductor
 The employer shall establish and
implement an assured equipment
grounding conductor program on
construction sites covering all cord sets,
receptacles which are not a part of the
building or structure, and equipment
connected by cord and plug which are
available for use or used by employees.
 This program shall comply with
the following minimum
requirements:
 A written description of the program, including the
specific procedures adopted by the employer,
 The employer shall designate one or more competent
persons to implement the program
 Each cord set, attachment cap, plug and receptacle of
cord sets, and any equipment connected by cord and
plug, except cord sets and receptacles which are fixed
and not exposed to damage, shall be visually inspected
before each day's use for external defects
 The following tests shall be performed on all cord sets
 All required tests shall be
performed
 (1)Before first use.
 (2) Before equipment is returned to
service following any repairs,
 (3)Before equipment is used after any
incident
 At intervals not to exceed 3 months
 Electrical,Safety,Program
Sample

 Awareness and Self Discipline

 Job Briefing
Typical Electrical Safety Program
Principles
 Inspect / evaluate the electrical equipment.
 Maintain the electrical equipment's insulation and
enclosure integrity.
 Plan every job and document first-time procedures.
 De-energize, if possible.
 Anticipate unexpected events.
 Identify and minimize the hazard.
 Protect the employee from shock, burn, blast, and other
hazards due to the working environment.
 Use the right tools for the job.
 Assess people's abilities.
 Audit these principles.
 Electrical Safety Program
Controls
 Every electrical conductor or circuit part is considered energized
until proven otherwise.
 No bare-hand contact is to be made with exposed energized
electrical conductors or circuit parts above 50 volts to ground,
unless the "bare-hand method" is properly used.
 De-energizing an electrical conductor or circuit part and making it
safe to work on is in itself a potentially hazardous task.
 Employer developed programs, including training, and employees
applying them.
 Use procedures as "tools" to identify the hazards and develop plans
to eliminate / control the hazards.
 Train employees to qualify them for working in an environment with
presence of electrical energy.
 Identify / categorize tasks to be performed on or near exposed
energized electrical conductors and circuit parts.
 Use a logical approach to determine potential hazard of task.
Typical Electrical Safety Program
Procedures
 Purpose of task.
 Qualifications and number of employees to be involved.
 Hazardous nature and extent of task.
 Limits of approach.
 Safe work practices to be utilized.
 Personal protective equipment involved.
 Insulating materials and toots involved.
 Special precautionary techniques.
 Electrical diagrams.
 Equipment details.
 Sketches / pictures of unique features.
 Reference data.
 Hazard / Risk Evaluation
Procedures

 Each employer shall establish procedural

requirements for safety-related work
practices that consider the hazard / risk
evaluation process.
 Job,Hazard,Analysis
(JHA)
 Job related injuries occur every day in the
workplace, Often these injuries occur
because employees are not trained in the
proper job procedure. One way to prevent
workplace injuries is to establish proper
job procedures and train all employees in
safer and more efficient work methods
 Selecting Jobs for Analysis
 A Job Hazard Analysis can be performed
for all jobs in the workplace, whether the
job is "special" (non-routine) or routine
Even one-step jobs, such as those in
which only a button is pressed, can and
perhaps should be analyzed by evaluating
surrounding work conditions. To determine
which jobs should be analyzed first,
review your job injury and illness reports
 Safety,Related,Maintenance
General Maintenance Requirements
 A single line diagram, where provided, for the electrical
system shall be maintained.
 All working space and clearances required in Part I shall be
maintained.
 Equipment, raceway, cable tray, and enclosure bonding and
grounding shall be maintained to ensure electrical
continuity.
 Enclosures shall be maintained to guard against accidental
contact with live parts and other electrical hazards.
 Locks, interlocks, and other safety equipment shall be
maintained in proper working condition to accomplish their
control purpose.
 Access to working space and escape passages shall be kept
clear and unobstructed.
 Identification of components, where required,
and safety-related instructions (operating or
maintenance), if posted, shall be securely
attached and maintained in legible condition.
 Warning signs, where required, shall be visible,
securely attached, and maintained in legible
condition.
 Circuit or voltage identification shall be securely
affixed and maintained in updated and legible
condition.
 Electrical cables and single and multiple
conductors, shall be maintained free of damage,
shorts, and ground that would present a hazard
to employees.
 Flexible cords and cables shall
be maintained as follows:
 They shall not have worn, frayed, or
damaged areas that present an electrical
hazard to employees.
 Strain relief shall be maintained to prevent
pull from being directly transmitted to
joints or terminals.
 Fuses and Circuit Breakers
 Fuses shall be maintained free of breaks or
cracks in fuse cases, ferrules (bushing), and
insulators. Fuse clips shall be maintained to
provide adequate contact with fuses.
 Molded case circuit breakers shall be maintained
free of cracks in cases and cracked or broken
operating handles.
 Circuit breakers that interrupt faults approaching
their ratings shall be inspected and tested in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
 Portable Electric Tools and
Equipment
 There are no breaks, damage, or cracks
exposing live parts.
 There are no missing cover plates.
 Termination's have no stray strands or
loose terminals.
 There are no missing, loose, altered, or
damaged components.
 Polarity is correct.
 Personal Safety and Protective
Equipment
 Grounding equipment.
 Rubber gloves, sleeves, and leather protectors.
 Voltage test indicators & Hot sticks.
 Blanket and similar insulating equipment.
 Insulating mats and similar insulating equipment.
 Protective barriers
 External circuit breaker rack-out devices.
 Portable lighting units.
 Safety grounding equipment.
 Dielectric footwear.
 Protective clothing
 Inspection / Testing of
Protective Equipment Visual
 Safety and protective equipment and
protective tools shall be visually inspected
for damage and defects before initial use
and at intervals thereafter as service
conditions require, but in no case shall the
interval exceed 1 year.
 Testing
 The insulation of protective equipment
and protective tools shall be verified by
the appropriate test and visual inspection
to ascertain that insulating capability has
been retained before initial use, and at
intervals thereafter as service conditions
and applicable standards and instructions
require, but in no case shall the interval
exceed 3 years.
 Flash,Hazard Analysis

 Flash hazard analysis shall be done before

a person approaches any exposed
electrical conductor or circuit part that has
not been placed in an electrically safe
work condition.
 P = Maximum power in Megawatts
 Dc = Distance from an arc source for a just
curable burn (ft)
 MVAbf = Bolted fault MVA at point involved.
 Isc = Short circuit symmetrical amperes from a
bolted 3- phase fault at the transformer.
 MVA = MVA rating of transformer.
 For transformers with MVA ratings below .75
MVA, multiply the XFMR MVA rating by 1.25
 t = Time of arc exposure in seconds
 Engineering Supervision

 P = 1.732 * V * Isc * 10 * 0.707

 1/2
 Dc = [2.65 * MVAbf * t] or
 1/2
 Dc = [53 * MVA * t]
 The clearing time for a current limiting fuse is
approximately 1/4 cycle or .004 sec. The
clearing time of a 5kv and 15kv circuit breaker is
approximate 0.1 sec or 6 cycles. This can be
broken down as follows: actual breaker time
(approximately 2.0 cycles), plus relay operating
time of approximately 1.74 cycles, plus an
additional safety margin of 2 cycles, giving a
total time of approximately 6 cycles.
 The short circuit symmetrical amperes
from a bolted 3-phase fault at the
transformer terminals is calculated with
the following formula:
 6
 Isc = {[MVA Base * 10 ] * [1.732 x V]} *
{ 100 * %Z}.
 Isc is in amperes, V is in volts, and %Z is
based on the transformer MVA.
 Preparation for Approach
 Observing a safe approach distance from
exposed energized electrical conductors or
circuit parts is an effective means of
maintaining electrical safety. As the
distance between a person and the
exposed energized conductors or circuit
parts is decreased, the potential for
electrical accident increases.
 "Unqualified" Persons, Safe
Approach Distance
 Unqualified persons are safe when they
maintain a distance from the exposed
energized conductors or circuit parts,
including the longest conductive object
being handled, so that they cannot
contact or enter a specified air insulation
 "Qualified" Persons, Safe
Approach Distance
 Determine the flash protection boundary
and, if the boundary is to be crossed,
appropriate flash-flame protection
equipment shall be utilized.
 Crossing the Restricted
Boundary
 Have a plan that is documented and approved by
authorized management
The "qualified" person must:
1. Have specified training to work on energize conductors
or circuit parts.
2. Have a documented plan justifying the need to work that
close (must be approved by authorized management).
3. Perform a risk analysis (must be approved by authorized
management).
4. Use personal protective equipment appropriate for
working on exposed energized conductors or circuit
parts, and rated for the voltage and energy level
involved.
 Design Safety Standards
The provisions of this standard cover electrical installations
and utilization equipment installed or used within or on
buildings, structures, and other premises including:
 Yards
 Carnivals
 Parking and other lots
 Recreational vehicles, Mobile homes
 Industrial substations
 Conductors that connect the installations to a supply of
electricity
 Other outside conductors on the premises
 Which Installations are Not
Covered
 Ships, Watercraft
 Railway rolling stock
 Aircraft
 Automotive vehicles, other than mobile homes and recreational
vehicles
 Mines
 Installations of railways for generation, transformation,
transmission, or distribution of power used exclusively for operation
of rolling stock or installations used exclusively for signaling and
communication purposes.
 Installations of communication equipment under the exclusive
control of communication utilities, located outdoors or in building
spaces used exclusively for such installations.
 Installations under the exclusive control of electric utilities for the
purpose of communication or metering
 General Requirements and
Scope
 The conductors and equipment required or
permitted by this subpart shall be acceptable
only if approved.
Examination, Installation, and Use of
Equipment
Electrical equipment shall be free from recognized
hazards that are likely to cause death or serious
physical harm to employees. Safety of
equipment shall be determined using the
following considerations:
 Working Clearances
 Table S-1 Working Clearances
 Nominal Voltage Minimum Clearance
Distance
 To Ground For
Condition - (Note 2) (ft)
(a) (b) (c)

 0-150 volts 3 3 3
 151-600 volts 3 3.5 4
 Note 1 - Minimum clear distances may be 2 feet 6
inches for installations built prior to April 16,1981.
 Note 2 - Conditions (a), (b), and (c), are as follows:
(a) Exposed live parts on one side and no live or
grounded parts on the other side of the working
space, or exposed live parts on both sides effectively
guarded by suitable wood or other
insulating material. Insulated wire or insulated bus
bars operating at not over 300 volts are not
considered live parts.
(b) Exposed live parts on one side and grounded parts
on the other side.
(c) Exposed live parts on both sides of the workspace
not guarded as provided in condition (a) with the
operator between.
 Guarding of Live Parts
 By location in a room
 By suitable permanent, substantial partitions or screens
 By location, a suitable balcony, gallery, or platform,
elevated and arranged to exclude unqualified persons.
 By elevation of 8 feet or more above the floor or other
working surface
 guards shall be so arranged and of such
strength as to prevent such damage.
 marked with conspicuous warning signs
forbidding "unqualified" persons to enter
 Working Space
 The minimum clear working space in front
of electric equipment such as
switchboards, control panels, switches,
circuit breakers, motor controllers, relays,
and similar equipment may not be less
than specified in Table S-2 unless
otherwise specified in this subpart
 Table S-2 Minimum Depth of Clear Work
Space In Front of Electric Equipment
 Nominal Voltage Conditions
To Ground (Note 2) (ft)
(a) (b) (c)
 601 to 2,500 volts 3 4 5
 2,501 to 9,000 volts 4 5 6
 9,001 to 25,000 volts 5 6 9
 5,001 to 75kV (1) 6 8 10
 Above 75kV (1) 8 10 12
 Note 1: Minimum depth of clear working space
in front of electric equipment with a nominal
voltage to ground above 25,000 volts may be
the same as for 25,000 volts under conditions
(a), (b), and (c) for installations built prior to
April 16, 1981.
 Note 2: Conditions (a),(b), and (c) are as
follows: (a) Exposed live parts on one side and
no live or grounded parts on the other side of
the working space, or exposed live parts on both
sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or
other insulating materials. Insulated wire or
 Illumination
 Adequate illumination shall be provided for all
working spaces about electric equipment. The
lighting outlets shall be so arranged that persons
changing lamps or making repairs on the lighting
system will not be endangered by live parts or
other equipment. The points of control shall be
so located that persons are not likely to come in
contact with any live part or moving part of the
equipment while turning on the lights.
 Elevation of Unguarded Live
Parts
Table S-3- Elevation of Unguarded Energized
Parts above
 Nominal Voltage Minimum Elevation
Between Phases (ft)
601 to 7,500 volts *8 feet 6 inches
7,501 to 35,000 volts 9 feet
Over 35kV 9 feet + 0.37 inches per kV
 Use and Identification of Grounded and
Grounding Conductors

 A conductor used as a grounded

conductor shall be identifiable and
distinguishable from all other conductors.
 A conductor used as an equipment
grounding conductor shall be identifiable
and distinguishable from all other
conductors.
 Polarity of Connections
 No grounded conductor may be attached
to any terminal or lead so as to reverse
designated polarity.
 Warning Signs
 Signs warning high voltage shall be posted where other
than qualified employees could contact live parts.

 Circuit Breakers
 Circuit breakers shall clearly indicate whether they are in
the open (off) or closed (on) position

 Grounding Path
 The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and
enclosures shall be permanent and
continuous.
 Flexible Cords and Cables
 Flexible cords and cables shall be approved and suitable
for conditions of use and location. Flexible cords and
cables shall be used only for
1. Pendants
2. Wiring of fixtures
3. Connection of portable lamps or appliances.
4. Elevator cables
5. Wiring of cranes and hoists.
6. Connection of stationary equipment to facilitate their frequent
interchange.
7. Prevention of the transmission of noise or vibration.
8. Appliances where the fastening means and mechanical connections
are designed to permit removal for maintenance and repair.
9. Data processing cables approved as a part of the data processing
system :
 Unless specifically permitted in this section,
flexible cords and cables may not be used :
1. As a substitute for the fixed wiring of a
structure.
2. Where run through holes in walls, ceilings, or
floors.
3. Where run through doorways, windows, or
similar openings.
4. Where attached to building surfaces
5. Where concealed behind building walls,
ceilings, or floors.