Key Concepts

• A. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

• B. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of
organisms.
• C. New cells arise only from existing cells by cell
reproduction.
• D. Cells exchange substances with their environment by
transporting these substances in and out of the cell
across the plasma membrane
Types of Cells—
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells are simpler and more ancient than
eukaryotic cells. The following are prokaryotes’ important
characteristics:
1. No nucleus, only a nucleoid region with one, circular
DNA.
2. No membrane bound organelles.
3. Have a cell wall.
4. Like eukaryotes, prokaryotes contain a plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes (location of protein
synthesis).
5. No histones or no formation of chromosomes
Eukaryotic cells

• Eukaryotic cells are those of protists, fungi, plants, and

animals.
• They contain the following characteristics:
• 1. Contain a nucleus, a nuclear envelope to protect DNA,
nuclear pores to allow transport into and out of the
nucleus, and linear DNA.
Eukaryotic cells

•
• 2. Have membrane-bound organelles. Plants have
chloroplasts, for example, where photosynthesis is carried
out, and many plant cells have a large, central vacuole
that is absent in most animal cells.

• 3. Plants have rigid cells walls made of the polymer,

cellulose, but animal cells do not have cell walls.
Eukaryotic cells

• 4. Like prokaryotes, eukaryotes contain a plasma

membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes (location of protein
synthesis).
• 5. Contain histones that form into chromosomes.
Eukaryotic Organelles

• Eukaryotic cells maintain internal organelles for

specialized functions. Some of these include the
following:
Mitochondrion (-dria, pl.)

• Small organelle with two membranes; inner membranes

called cristae are folded to increase surface area for
electron transport; directly requires oxygen
• Site of aerobic respiration; produces ATP; inheritance is
always from mother to child
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth)

• Rows of flattened, membranous sacs with or without

ribosomes attached Rough ER-has ribosomes Smooth
ER-no ribosomes
• Sites of protein and membrane synthesis, including
detoxification of drugs
• Apparatus Rows of flattened, membranous sacs
• Modifies and transports proteins, etc., for export from the
cell; synthesizes carbohydrates
Ribosome(s)

• Tiny organelles; no membrane; contain rRNA and protein;

bound to ER or float free in cytoplasm Sites of protein
synthesis
Lysosome(s)

• Small, spherical; surrounded by one membrane; contains

hydrolytic enzymes
• Aids in phagocytosis and intracellular digestion
Vacuoles Small or large

• surrounded by single membrane

• Provides turgor pressure for gross plant support; storage
of substances
Chloroplast (Type of Plastid)

• Various membrane bound organelles; chloroplast has

double membrane plus thylakoids shaped like stacked
coins to increase surface area
• Site of photosynthesis; other plastids store starch or fats
Cytoskeleton

• Network of microfilaments and microtubules throughout

the cytoplasm
• Controls cell shape; causes movement of chromosomes
and organelles within the cell
Vesicle(s)

• Small, spherical, numerous; surrounded by one

membrane
• Move substances from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and
from there to the plasma membrane
Cilia and flagella

• Hairlike; cilia are short and flagella are longer; 9 + 2

arrangement of microtubules
• Locomotion of cells; movement of fluid surrounding a cell
Nucleus

• Large, round; surrounded by nuclear envelope consisting

of two membranes studded with pores
• Site of chromosome (DNA) storage and RNA synthesis
(transcription)
Nucleolus Dense

• spherical area within the nucleus Site of rRNA synthesis

and ribosome production
Cell Wall

• Rigid; contains cellulose

• Provides support and protection of cells
REVIEW

• CELL AND CELL ORGANELLES

NOT all organelles are surrounded by a membrane

The plasma or cell membrane is different from the cell wall
NOT all cell parts/organelles are present in all kinds of cells
ANIMALS: Cell membrane
PLANTS: Cell wall, large vacoule, chloroplasts
Learning Outcomes

• At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be abe to:

1. illustrate the structure of mitochondria, label its

parts, and understand the importance of the enfolding of the
inner mitochondrial membrane.

2. illustrate the structure of chloroplasts, label its parts,

and relate these parts to photosynthesis.
Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion)

“Powerhouse of the
cell”
Convert the chemical
energy from food into
energy that can be
used by the cell.
Enclosed by two
membranes---an
outer one and another
that is folded up
inside the
mitochondrion
 Mitochondria (continued)

Cellular respiration occurs here to

release energy for the cell to use

Has its own strand of DNA

Our mitochondria are inherited from

our mothers via the eggs cell.
 Chloroplast
Found in plant cells
Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll
which captures the
sun’s energy and
converts it into
chemical energy
(glucose) in a process
called
photosynthesis.
Cell Specialization

specialized cellular modifications are alterations in cells that

distinguish them from one another
Microvilli

• found in SMALL INTESTINE

• absorption of nutrients
• increase surface area=increase absorption of nutrients
Nerve Cells

• facilitate the transmission of impulses from the brain and

spinal cord to different parts of the body
Red Blood Cells

• non-nucleated
• biconcave disc shape
• highly deformable
Tracheal Cells

• Cilia
– trap air impurities and foreign particles

• Mucus secretions
Sperm cell: flagellum, mitochondria

• flagellum
– propels toward the egg cell for fertilization

• mitochondria
– plenty of mitochondria found along the middle piece which
power the flagellum
CELL MODIFICATION

• HANDWRITTEN ESSAY (4 Paragraphs with at least 10

sentences each)
1ST: What is cell modification? What is cell adaptation?
2nd: cite specific cell modification for plant and animal cells
3rd: why cell undergone modifications and how do these
modifications serve the organism
4th: if you are to decide one cell modification, what would it
be? what would be its hypothetical purpose and function?
why?