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, mol/m3•s]
• -rA: the rate of a consumption of species A per unit volume
A B products r A kC A CB
1st order in A, 1st order in B, 2nd order overall
r A kCAn nth order in A
k1C A
rA Michaelis-Menton: common in enzymatic reactions
1 k 2C A
Fj0 Gj Fj
If spatially uniform:
G j r jV
V1
V2
rj1
rj 2
G j1 rj1V1
G j 2 rj 2 V2
General Mole Balances
n
G j rji Vi
i 1
Take limit
n
Gj rjiVi r dV
j
i1 lim V 0 n
General Mole Balances
System
Volume, V
FA0 GA FA
Batch
dN A
FA0 FA rAdV
dt
FA0 FA 0
Well-Mixed rA dV rAV
dN A
rAV
dt
9
Chapter 1
Batch Reactor - Mole Balances
dN A
Integrating dt
rAV
t 0 N A N A0
when
t t NA NA
NA
dN A
t
N A0
rAV
NA
dN A
t
NA
N A0
rAV
t
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
(CSTR) Properties
• Continuously add reactants and remove
products (open system)
• Inlet stream instantaneously mixes with
bulk of reactor volume
• Ideal batch reactor- assume perfect
mixing occurs in vessel
• Temperature and concentration are
uniform throughout space
• Composition of the exit stream is the
same as that inside reactor (CA,outlet =
CA, tank)
• Steady-state conditions- the reaction rate
is the same at every point and does not
change with time
Examples of CSTRs
Laboratory-Scale Bioreactor
Pfaudler Inc.
Chapter 1
CSTR - Mole Balances
CSTR
dN A
FA 0 FA rA dV
dt
dN A
Steady State 0
dt
Chapter 1
CSTR - Mole Balances
Well Mixed r dV r V
A A
FA0 FA rAV 0
FA 0 FA
V
rA
CSTR volume necessary to reduce the molar flow
rate from FA0 to FA.
Chapter 1
Plug Flow Reactor - Mole Balances
Plugged Flow Reactor (PFR) Properties
• Also called a tubular reactor
• Cylindrical pipe with openings at
both ends
• Steady movement of material down
length of reactor
• Reactants are consumed as they flow
down the length of the reactor
• Operated at steady state:
• No radial variation in
temperature, concentration, or
reaction rate
• All fluid/gas elements have the
same residence time
Industrial PFRs
Polyethylene reactor:
• 16 inch inner diameter
• Operates at 35,000 psi & 600 °F
• Has a vertical orientation when in use
Courtesy of Autoclave Engineers of Snap-tite, Inc.
Mole Balance – PFR
In a plug flow reactor the composition of the fluid varies from point to point along
a flow path. The material balance must be made for a differential element of
volume ΔV
ΔV
FA0 FA
If we assume the PFR is ideal, the degree of completion is not affected by PFR
shape, only by PFR volume
Chapter 1
Plug Flow Reactor - Mole Balances
V
FA FA
V V V
In Out Generation
at V 0
at V V in V
FA V FA V V rA V 0
Chapter 1
Plug Flow Reactor - Mole Balances
FA V V FA V
lim rA
V 0 V
dFA
rA
dV
PFR
dN A
FA0 FA rA dV
dt
dN A
Steady State 0
dt
FA0 FA rA dV 0
Plug Flow Reactor - Mole Balances
0
dFA
rA
dFA
rA
dV dV
FA
dFA
The integral form is: V
FA 0
rA
W W W
FA W FA W W rA W
dN A
dt
Steady State dN A FA W W FA W
0
dt lim rA
W 0 W
Chapter 1
Packed Bed Reactor - Mole Balances
Rearrange:
dFA
rA
dW
The integral form to find the catalyst weight is:
FA
dFA
W
FA 0
rA
Liquid phase
0
FA 0CA
CSTR – Example Problem
(3) Stoichiometry:
FA FA
CA
0
CSTR – Example Problem
(4) Combine:
0 CA 0 CA
V
kCA
(5) Evaluate:
C A 0.1C A0
10dm3
C A0 0.1C A0 101 0.1
V min 3
0.23 min 1 0.1C A0 0.230.1
dm
900
V 391 dm 3
2.3
Chapter 2
Define conversion, X
Define conversion, X
moles A reacted
X
moles A fed
Chapter 2
dN A rAV t 0 X 0
dt N A0 t t X X
Integrating,
X
dX
t N A0
0
rAV
Define conversion, X
moles A reacted
X
moles A fed
Chapter 2
CSTR
dN A
Steady State 0
dt
FA 0 FA
Well Mixed V
rA
r dV r V
A A
Chapter 2
CSTR
FA0 FA rA dV 0
FA 0 FA 0 FA 0 X
V
rA
FA0 X
V
rA
CSTR volume necessary to achieve conversion X.
Chapter 2
PFR
dFA
rA
dV
FA FA0 FA0 X
V 0 X 0
V V X X
Integrating,
X
FA0
V dX
0
rA
Reactor Sizing
Given –rA as a function of conversion, -rA= f(X),
one can size any type of reactor. We do this by
constructing a Levenspiel plot. Here we plot
either (FA0/-rA) or (1/-rA) as a function of X. For
(FA0/-rA) vs. X, the volume of a CSTR and the
volume of a PFR can be represented as the
shaded areas in the Levenspiel Plots shown as:
FA0
g(X )
rA
Chapter 2
Levenspiel Plots
FA 0
rA
X
Chapter 2
CSTR
rA FA0
V X 1
rA X 1
X1
46
Chapter 2
PFR
47
Chapter 2
Levenspiel Plots
Chapter 2
Reactors in Series
Reactors in Series
Chapter 2
Reactors in Series
Reactor 1:
FA 0 V1
rA
X1 X
Chapter 2
Reactors in Series
Reactor 2:
X2
FA0
V2 dX
X1
rA
FA0 V2
rA
X1 X2
X
Reactors in Series
Reactor 3:
FA2 FA3 rA3V3 0
FA0 FA0 X 2 FA0 FA0 X 3 rA3V3 0
FA 0 X 3 X 2
V3
rA 3
V3
FA 0
rA
X1 X X2 X3
Reactors in Series
55
Chapter 2
Reactors in Series
Space time τ is the time necessary to process 1
reactor volume of fluid at entrance conditions.
V
0
56