Physics

BMMM1062
Khairul Azri Bin Azlan
Lecture Flow
 Subject Introduction
 Vector & unit vector
 Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration
 Motion at constant acceleration
 Angular quantities
 Newton First Law of Motion
 Learning Outcomes

1. Explain the basic laws and comprehend the basic concept of

physic.
2. Shows the understanding of physics concepts
systematically by accurate measurement.
3. Discuss the importance of physics concepts in application
of energy management.
Synopsis

 This topic covers in this subject are :

Kinematics, Newton’s Law of Motion,
Statics Equilibrium, Work, Energy, Power,
Fluids, Temperature, Heat Transfer, Electric
Charge, Electric Field, Gauss’s Law, Electric
Currents, Resistance, Capacitance and DC
Circuits.
References and text books

 Douglas C. Giancoli, 2009, Physics For scientists &

Engineers with modern Physics, 4th edition, Prentice
Hall.
 Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, 2013,
Physics for scientists and engineers, Chapter 1-39,
Brooks Cole.
 John D. Cutnell and Kenneth W. Johnson, 2012,
Physics, Wiley.
 Serway and Faughn, 6th edition, College Physics,
Thomson Learning
Vectors
 Units of Chapter 3
• Vectors and Scalars
• Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
• Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector
by a Scalar
• Adding Vectors by Components
• Unit Vectors
• Vector Kinematics
3-1 Vectors and Scalars

A vector has magnitude as well as

direction.
Some vector quantities: displacement,
velocity, force, momentum
A scalar has only a magnitude.
Some scalar quantities: mass, time,
temperature
3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods

For vectors in one dimension, simple

addition and subtraction are all that is
needed.
When an object changes its direction
of motion, displacement takes this
direction change into account;
heading the opposite direction
effectively begins to cancel whatever
displacement there once was.
3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods

If the motion is in two dimensions, we can find the

displacement by using the Pythagorean Theorem.
 3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
Adding the vectors in the opposite order gives the
same result:
3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
Even if the vectors are not at right angles,
they can be added graphically by using the
tail-to-tip method.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/linear-algebra/vectors-
and-spaces/vectors/v/adding-vectors
 3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
The parallelogram method may also be used; here
again the vectors must be tail-to-tip.
 3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

In order to subtract vectors, we define

the negative of a vector, which has the
same magnitude but points in the
opposite direction.

Then we add the negative vector.

 3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

A vector V can be multiplied by a scalar c;

the result is a vector c V that has the same
direction but a magnitude cV. If c is
negative, the resultant vector points in the
opposite direction.
 3-4 Adding Vectors by Components

Any vector can be expressed as the sum of

two other vectors, which are called its
components. Usually the other vectors are
chosen so that they are perpendicular to each
other.
3-4 Adding Vectors by Components

If the components are

perpendicular, they can be
found using trigonometric
functions.
 3-4 Adding Vectors by Components

Adding vectors:
1. Draw a diagram; add the vectors graphically.
2. Choose x and y axes.
3. Resolve each vector into x and y components.
4. Calculate each component using sines and cosines.
5. Add the components in each direction.
6. To find the length and direction of the vector, use:

and .
 3-4 Adding Vectors by
Components

Example 3-2: Mail carrier’s

displacement.
A rural mail carrier leaves the
post office and drives 22.0 km in
a northerly direction. She then
drives in a direction 60.0° south of
east for 47.0 km. What is her
displacement from the post
office?
 Chapter 2
Displacement, Velocity,
Acceleration
 2-1 Displacement
We make a distinction between distance and
displacement.
Displacement (blue line) is how far the object is
from its starting point, regardless of how it got
there.
Distance traveled (dashed line) is measured along
the actual path.
 2-1 Displacement

The displacement is written:

Left: Right:
Displacement is positive. Displacement is negative.
 2-2 Average Velocity
Speed is how far an object travels in a given time
interval:

Velocity includes directional information:

 2-2 Average Velocity
Example 2-1: Runner’s average velocity.
The position of a runner as a function of time is
plotted as moving along the x axis of a
coordinate system. During a 3.00-s time
interval, the runner’s position changes from x1 =
50.0 m to x2 = 30.5 m, as shown. What was the
runner’s average velocity?
 2-4 Acceleration
Conceptual Example 2-5: Velocity and
acceleration.
(a) If the velocity of an object is zero, does it mean
that the acceleration is zero?
(b) If the acceleration is zero, does it mean that the
velocity is zero? Think of some examples.
 2-4 Acceleration
Example 2-6: Car slowing down.
An automobile is moving to the right along a
straight highway, which we choose to be the
positive x axis. Then the driver puts on the brakes.
If the initial velocity (when the driver hits the
brakes) is v1 = 15.0 m/s, and it takes 5.0 s to slow
down to v2 = 5.0 m/s, what was the car’s average
acceleration?
 2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration

The average velocity of an object during a time

interval t is

The acceleration, assumed constant, is

 2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration

In addition, as the velocity is increasing at a

constant rate, we know that

Combining these last three equations, we find:

 2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration

We can also combine these equations so as to

eliminate t:

We now have all the equations we need to solve

constant-acceleration problems.
 2-6 Solving Problems
1. Read the whole problem and make sure you
understand it. Then read it again.
2. Decide on the objects under study and what the
time interval is.
3. Draw a diagram and choose coordinate axes.
4. Write down the known (given) quantities, and
then the unknown ones that you need to find.
5. What physics applies here? Plan an approach to
a solution.
 2-6 Solving Problems
6. Which equations relate the known and unknown
quantities? Are they valid in this situation? Solve
algebraically for the unknown quantities, and check
that your result is sensible (correct dimensions).
7. Calculate the solution and round it to the
appropriate number of significant figures.
8. Look at the result—is it reasonable? Does it agree
with a rough estimate?
9. Check the units again.
 2-6 Solving Problems
Example 2-10: Acceleration of a car.
How long does it take a car to cross a 30.0-m-wide
intersection after the light turns green, if the car
accelerates from rest at a constant 2.00 m/s2?