ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Course: Energy Utilization and Audit

Given By: Basha Mekonnen

 Drivers of the Energy Future

• GDP & pop. Supply • Significant

Demand
growth Challeng resources
Growth
es
• urbanization • Non-
Technolog conventionals
y and
policy
• Local pollution Environm Security • Dislocation of
• Climate ental
of Supply resources
Impacts
change • Import
dependence
 Growth in Energy Demand Due to Economic Activity
400

350
US
300
Primary Energy per capita (GJ)

250 Australia

200 Russia France

Japan
150 U
S. Korea K Ireland
100
Malaysia Greece
50 Mexico
China
0 Brazil
India
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
GDP per capita (PPP, $2000)
 Energy Demand Breakdown vs. Time
Global Energy Demand Growth by Sector (1971-2030)
BNBOE=Billion 130
Barrels of Oil 120
Equivalent 110
100

Energy Demand
90
80
70
60
(bnboe)
Notes: 1. Power includes heat generated
50
at
power plants 40

2. Other sectors includes residential,

30

agricultural and service 20

10
0
1971 2002 2030
1 BNBOE =
6.11x1018 Joules

Key: - transport - power - industry - other sectors

Source: IEA WEO 2004
 Energy Supply
• There are significant resources in the ground
• The world is not running out of energy any
time soon
• However, a rise in unconventional sources of
energy is expected
Sources of Energy in the US since 1850
100%
90%
80%
70% Renewables
Nuclear
60%
Gas
50% Oil
Hydro
40%
Coal
30% Wood
20%
10%
0%
1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000

Source: EIA
 Sources of Energy: Global Scale
50%
Nuclear
Hydro 45% Oil
6.3%
6.0% 40%
Oil
36.4% 35% Coal
30%
Coal 27.8%
25%
Gas
20%
23.5%
15%

Natural gas 10%

Hydro
5%
Nuclear
0%
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
 Projection of Primary Energy Sources
’04 – ’30
Annual
Other Growth 6.5 Rate
M toe
18,000 Renew ables (%)
16,000 Biomass & 1.3
w aste
14,000

12,000
Hydro 2.0

10,000 Nuclear 0.7

8,000
Gas 2.0
6,000

4,000 Oil 1.3

2,000

0
Coal 1.8

Note: ‘Other renewables’

1980 2004 2010 2015 2030

include geothermal, solar,

wind, tide and wave
energy for electricity
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2006 (Reference Case)
 Fossil Fuel Supply
1 BNBOE is Equal to 6.11x1018 Joules
Reserves & Resources (bnboe)

6,000

Yet to Find
5,000

4,000
Unconventional/
Unestabilshed
Unconventional
3,000

R/P Ratio
2,000
164 yrs.

1,000
R/P Ratio R/P Ratio
41 yrs. 67 yrs.
0
Oil Gas Coal

Source: World Energy Assessment 2001, HIS, WoodMackenzie, BP Stat Review 2005, BP estimates
 Dislocation of Fossil Fuel Sources from
their Consumers
3 Largets Energy M arkets ROW
(N.America + Europe + Asia Pacific)

12%
22%
39% 35%

85%
90%

88%
78%
61% 65%

10% 15%

Consumption Reserves Consumption Reserves Consumption Reserves

OIL GAS COAL

Source: BP Statistical Review 2006

ROW = Rest of World
 Energy Technologies: Examples

Extraction & Conversion

Primary Energy Technologies: End Use
Sources: Technologies:
•Refining
•Nuclear
•Differentiated fuels
•Coal •Adv. Batteries
•Advantaged •Hybridisation
•Solar
chemicals •Fuel cells
•Wind
•Gasification •Hydrogen storage
•Biomass •Gas turbines
•Syngas conversion
•Hydro •Building efficiency
•Power generation
•Geothermal •Urban
• Photovoltaics infrastructure
•Bio-enzyimatics •Systems design
•H2 production & • Other efficiency
distribution technologies
•Appliances
•CO2 capture &
•Retail
storage technologies
 Annual US Carbon (Mt C)

G
as

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
ol
ine
Di
es
el
Fuel

Na Coa
O tu l
th ra
er lg
pe as
tro
leu
m
1000

NG
Fossil

Ls
Co
rn
Pa
pe
r
So
W
oo y
From?

dp
ulp
Ed W
ib he
le at
fa
M ts
Fuels

ea /o ils
t /P
ou
Agriculture

l tr
y
Bi Co
om t
Bi as ton
15% of Transportation

om s
as tod
sp ay
ot
en
tia
l
Biomass
So Where Does the U.S. Get Its Carbon
 Where Does the World Get Its
Electricity From?
Nuclear
Oil 15.74%
6.67%
Hydro
16.14%

Biomass
1.30%
Gas Other
19.60% 2.13%
Wind
0.47%
Geothermal
0.32%
Solar
0.02%
Coal Tidal/Wave
39.73% 0.01%

Source: IEA WEO 2006