Welcome!

To
“Western Central Railway’’
 MODI INST. OF TECHNOLOGY
NAYAGAON KOTA

A
Presentation On
“Railway Summer Training”

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

“Mr. JITENDER YAGVENDRA” “SOURABH VERMA”
(H.O.D. OF ELECTRICAL 4th YEAR,EE
ENGINEERING) 15/N/155
 CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SUB-STATION
3. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS FOR SUB-STATION
4. LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
5. CIRCUIT BREAKER
6. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
7. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
8. RELAY
9. INSULATOR
10. EARTHING
11. REACTOR
12. DO FUSE
13. CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
1. FOUNDED 18 MAY 1845

2. HEADQUARTER NEW DELHI,INDIA

3. KEY PEOPLE PIYUSH GOYAL (MINISTER OF RAILWAY),

ASHWANI LOHANI (CHAIRMAN,RAILWAY
BOARD)

4. NO. OF EMPLOYEES 1.308 MILLION (MARCH 2016)

5. REVENUE ₹1.874 BILLION (2017-18)

6. NET INCOME ₹64.84 BILLION (2017-18)

 SUB-STATION
1. A bank of step down trnasformer near and the distribution sub-station
convert voltage to the required level.
2. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system.
3. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the
generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through
several substations at different voltage levels.
4. A sub-station that has step-up transformer increases the voltage while
decreasing the current.
5. A sub-station that has step-down transformer decreases the voltage
while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution.
● ELEMENTS OF A SUB-STATION:-

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side

1. Primary power lines 2. Ground wire
3. Overhead lines 4. Transformer for measurement of
electric voltage
5. Disconnect switch 6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer 8. Lightning arrester
9. Main transformer 10. Control building
11. Security fence 12. Secondary power lines
 PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS OF SUB-STAION

1. Lightning arrestor
2. Circuit breaker
3. Current transformer
4. Potential transformer
5. Relay
6. Insulator
7. Earthing
8. Reactor
9. Do fuse
❏ LIGHTNING ARRESTOR:-
❏ A lightning arrester is also called lightning diverter.
❏ A lightning arrester is a device used on electric power systems and telecommunication
systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects
of lightning.
❏ Type:-Road Gap Arrester
❏ Sphere Gap Arrester
❏ Horn Gap Arrester
❏ Multiple-Gap Arrester
❏ Impulse Protective Gap
❏ Electrolytic Arrester
❏ Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester
❏ Valve Type Lightning Arresters
❏ Thyrite Lightning Arrester
❏ Auto valve Arrester
❏ Oxide Film Arrester
❏ Metal Oxide Lightning Arresters
❏ CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

● A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect

an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or
short circuit.
● Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.
● Mainly used circuit breakers:
○ Air circuit breaker
○ Oil circuit breaker
○ SF6 circuit breaker
○ Vacuum circuit breaker
❏ AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

● Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is an electrical

device used to provide Overcurrent and
short-circuit protection for electric circuits
over 800 Amps to 10K Amps.

● These are usually used in low voltage

applications below 450V.
❏ OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

● Oil circuit breaker is uses oil as a dielectric

or insulating medium for arc extinction.

● In oil circuit breaker the contacts of the

breaker are made to separate within an
insulating oil.
❏ SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

● Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical power stations and

distribution systems by interrupting electric currents, when tripped by a protective
relay.

● SF6 circuit breakers are widely used in electrical grids at transmission voltages up to
800 kV, as generator circuit breakers, and in distribution systems at voltages up to
35 kV.

● ADVANTAGES:-
○ Lower operating noise.
○ No emission of
hot gases.
○ Relatively low
maintenance.
❏ VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

● In vacuum circuit breaker,the arc quenching

takes place in vacuum medium.

● The operation of switching on and closing of

current carrying contacts and interrelated arc
interruption takes place in a vacuum chamber
in the breaker which is called vacuum
interrupter.

● ADVANTAGE:-
○ Noiseless operation.
○ No emission of hot gases.
○ No fire hazard.
○ Suitable for repeated operation.
○ Fast in operation so ideal for fault clearing.
❏ CURRENT TRANSFORMER:-

● A current transformer is used to measure

alternating current (AC).

● The basic principle of the current transformer is the

same as that of the power transformer. Like the
power transformer, the current transformer also
contains a primary and a secondary winding.
❏ POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:-

● The potential transformer is defined as the

instrument transformer.

● It is used for the transformation of voltage from a

higher value to the lower value.

● This transformer step down the voltage to a safe

limit value which can be easily measured by the
ordinary low voltage instrument like a voltmeter,
wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.
❏ RELAY:-

● Relays are switches that open and close

circuits electro-mechanicalIy or
electronically.

● Relays control one electrical circuit by

opening and closing contacts in another
circuit.

● As relay diagrams show, when a relay

contact is normally open (NO), there is
an open contact when the relay is not
energized.
❏ INSULATOR:-

● Electrical Insulator must be used in electrical

system to prevent unwanted flow of current to
the earth from its supporting points.

● Electrical Insulator is a very high resistive path

through which practically no current can floW.

● An insulator must be used to ground the pole

or tower and current carrying conductors to
prevent the flow of current from conductor.

● TYPES:-
○ PIN TYPE
○ SUSPENSION TYPE
○ STRAIN TYPE
○ STAY
➔ PIN TYPE INSULATOR:-

● Pin Insulator is used in power network

up to 33 KV system.

● Pin type insulator can be one part, two

parts or three parts type, depending
upon application voltage.

● In 11 KV system we generally use one

part type insulator where whole pin
insulator is one piece of properly
shaped porcelain or glass.
➔ SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR:-

● In higher voltage, beyond 33KV, it becomes

uneconomical to use pin insulator because size,
weight of the insulator become more,for
overcoming these difficulties, suspension
insulator was developed.

● In suspension insulator numbers of insulators

are connected in series to form a string and the
line conductor is carried by the bottom most
insulator.

● Each insulator of a suspension string is called

disc insulator because of their disc like shape.
➔ STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR:-

● suspension string is used to sustain

extraordinary tensile load of conductor it
is referred as string insulator.

● When there is a dead end or there is a

sharp corner in transmission line, the line
has to sustain a great tensile load of
conductor or strain.

● A strain insulator must have

considerable mechanical strength as well
as the necessary electrical insulating
properties.
❏ EARTHING:-

● In an electrical installation an
earthing system or grounding system
connects specific parts of that
installation with the Earth's conductive
surface for safety and functional
purposes.

● To avoid electrical shock to human body.

● To avoid risk of fire due to earth leakage

current through unwanted path.

● To ensure that no current carrying

conductor rise to potential with respect to
earth than its designed insulation.
❏ REACTOR:-

● An inductor or reactor is a passive

electrical component.

● It is used to store energy in a magnetic

field.

● An inductor’s ability to store magnetic

energy is measured by its
inductance,in unit of Henries.

● Shunt reactors are used in an extra

high-voltage substation to neutralize
inductive reactance in long EHV
transmission lines.
❏ DO FUSE:-

● Power fuses are a generally

accepted means of protecting
power transformers in
distribution substations.

● The primary purpose of a

power fuse is to provide
interruption of permanent
faults.

● Fuse protection is generally

limited to voltages from 34.5
kV through 69 kV, but has
been applied for protection of
115-kV and 138-kV
transformers.