FGMO

&
RGMO

TEAM-C&I
Fundamentals

• It is desired that the operating frequency is

maintained in Grid at 50Hz.
• From Grid point of view

– If frequency is less than 50 Hz

Generation < Connected Load

– If frequency is greater than 50 Hz

Generation > Connected Load
Various Frequency Influence Modes

• We can have three different mode of Frequency

Influence
– Primary Frequency Influence

– Free Governing Mode of operation (FGMO)

– Restricted Governing Mode of operation (RGMO)

Primary Frequency Influence

• To maintain Grid frequency at 50 Hz, all Generating stations

should have primary frequency influence On and do
correction as below:-

– If frequency is less than 50 Hz

then all generating units should pickup load automatically as
per the droop set for that machine.

– If frequency is greater than 50 Hz

then all generating units should drop load automatically as
per the droop set for that machine.
 Free Governing Mode of Operation
FGMO - BACKGROUND (FGMO)
 Unique frequency band of 49.0 Hz to 50.5 Hz, as specified by IEGC
 Scheduling & dispatch by RLDCs/SLDCs is based on day ahead demand & availability
 Frequency control by load-generation balance in every 15 mins time block and Wide
frequency variation during Grid disturbance, Unit outage, Change in demand, etc.
 Emergencies caused due to frequency control only through importing /cutting load by
system operator

FGMO - GRID CODES

 All generating units should have their speed governors in normal operation at all times
to enable Grid frequency control by loading / unloading
 Droop characteristic for primary response should be within 3% to 6%
 Each unit shall be capable of instantaneously picking up at least 5% extra load for a
minimum of 5 mins (up to 105%MCR), during fall in frequency
 No dead bands and/or time delays shall be deliberately introduced
 Facilities like load limiters, CMC, etc. shall not be used to suppress the normal
governor action
FGMO

• Reference Center Frequency is floating in 49.0

to 50.5 Hz band, depending upon previous
stable frequency.
• The load correction are based on this frequency
set point, hence it is possible to have load drop
even at 49.5 Hz if there is sudden frequency
increase.
Droop Calculation

• 5% Droop means, 5% of rated frequency

corresponds to full load of the machine.
For 250 MW unit
5% of 50 Hz = 2.5 Hz.
2.5 Hz ~ 250 MW.
Thus a machine of 250 MW size will drop load of
250 MW if frequency is 52.5 Hz
 FGMO SMOOTHEN THE WIDE FREQUENCY FLUCTUATION

FREQUENCY COMPARISION
52.0
PRE ABT REGIME
51.5 WITHOUT FGMO

51.0
FREQUENCY

50.5

50.0

49.5

49.0
POST ABT REGIME
48.5 WITH FGMO

48.0
0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00

26/1/04 26/1/03 TIME Source:ERLDC Website

 CERC Order
Hon’ble CERC,vide order dated 20.08.09 has issued directions for
implementing the RGMO,relevant extracts of which are
furnished here below.
Quote:
39.In the present scenario of deficit, it is not desirable to have any
frequency response from generators by reducing generation
when frequency is rising towards 50 Hz from a lower level.
Reduction of generation would be necessary when frequency is
already above 50 Hz and tends to rise further. Therefore
suitable control logic would have to be developed to limit the
governor response to situations when frequency is rising and
grid frequency is below 50 Hz. Such a situation could be called
a restricted governor mode of operation and not total FGMO.
How ever this does not exempt the generators from getting the
free governor mode in to operational state for use when
required.
Salient features of the CERC Order
 Load change is proposed to be limited to +/-5% of
MCR in the frequency range of 49 Hz & 50.5 Hz and
sustained for about 5 minutes before ramping back to
original load automatically.

 Small changes up to +/- 0.03Hz are ignored for load

corrections.

 For frequency below 49 Hz and above 50.5 Hz,5%

droop of the governor would be effective with load
change limited to +5% of MCR for frequency below 49
Hz and -10% of MCR above 50.5 Hz.”
FGMO
FGMO
RGMO

• Try to maintain Grid frequency at 50 Hz in power deficit

environment, all Generating stations should have load
correction based on frequency as follows:-

– If frequency is less than 50 Hz

no correction to be applied.

– If frequency is greater than 50 Hz

generating units should drop load automatically as per the
droop set for that machine.
Frequency Influence

• In the present power deficient scenario in

India, it is not possible to maintain the grid
frequency exactly at 50Hz.
• So the primary frequency influence is
normally kept OFF.
• However for Tata Grid we have made special
provision to have controlled frequency
correction during ISLANDING.
RGMO GUIDELINES

“Governor Action
generating units shall be operated under restricted governor
mode of operation :
(a)Thermal generating units of 200 MW and above,
(b) Hydro units of 10 MW and above:
The restricted governor mode of operation shall essentially
have the following features:
(a) There should not be any reduction in generation in case of
improvement in grid frequency below 50.2 Hz. ( for example
if grid frequency changes from 49.3 to 49.4 Hz. then there
shall not be any reduction in generation). Whereas for any
fall in grid frequency, generation from the unit should
increase by 5% limited to 105 % of the MCR of the unit
subject to machine capability.
(b) Ripple filter of +/- 0.03 Hz. shall be provided so that small
changes in frequency are ignored for load correction, in
order to prevent governor hunting.
(c) If any of these generating units is required to be operated
without its governor in operation as specified above, the
RLDC shall be immediately advised about the reason and
duration of such operation. All governors shall have a droop
setting of between 3% and 6%.
(d) After stabilisation of frequency around 50 Hz, the CERC may
review the above provision regarding the restricted governor
mode of operation and free governor mode of operation
may be introduced.
EHTC Blocks
WRLDC RGMO Test Guidelines
WRLDC RGMO Test Guidelines
WRLDC RGMO Test Guidelines
WRLDC RGMO Test Guidelines
RGMO test on 5th April 2010

• As per WRLDC Order Generators above 250 MW

were to switch on the frequency influence in
order to test the unloading of generators when
the frequency goes above 50 Hz. Below 50 Hz
there should be no load correction applied by
frequency Influence circuit.