Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Precipitation
• Agglutination
• Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination
inhibition
• Viral neutralization test
• Radio-immunoassays
• ELISA
• Immunofluorescence
• Immmunoblotting
• Immunochromatography
1
Precipitation or Agglutination?
• Precipitation
– Antibodies react with soluble substances (proteins,
carbohydrates, etc)
– Reaction visible with naked eye - particles
• Agglutination
– Antibodies react with insoluble substances (RBCs,
bacterial cells, latex particles coated with antigen)
– Reaction visible with naked eye – larger clumps
(aggregates)
– If agglutination target is RBCs, called hemagglutination
2
DIRECT AGGLUTINATION
- Test patient serum against large, cellular
antigens to screen for the presence of
antibodies in pt. serum.
- Antigen is naturally present on the surface
of the cells.
- In this case, the Ag-Ab reaction forms an
agglutination, which is directly visible.
3
DIRECT AGGLUTINATION
• The particle antigen may be a bacterium.
e.g.: Serotyping of E. coli, Salmonella using a
specific antiserum
• The particle antigen may be a parasite.
e.g.: Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
• The particle antigen may be a red blood cell.
e.g.: Determination of blood groups
4
Positive Negative
Passive Agglutination
• An agglutination reaction that employs
particles that are coated with antigens not
normally found in the cell surfaces
• Particle carriers include:
– Red blood cells
– Polystyrene latex
– Bentonite
– charcoal
6
Reverse passive agglutination
Principle
– Antigen (in serum)
binds to antibody
(from kit) coated
on carrier particles
and results in
agglutination
Example
– detecting cholera
toxin
Serology Testing –
Agglutination Reactions
ASO, Cold Agglutinins, CRP, RF
Streptolysin O
• Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus
– S. pyogenes
• Streptolysin O – hemolytic factor
– Sequelae:
• Rheumatic fever
• Glomerulonephritis
• Antistreptolysin O (ASO)
– Neutralizing antibody
– 7-30 days post-onset
ASO Serological Testing
• ASO Latex Slide Test (Qualitative)
– “Drop & Rock”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Saline - 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Streptolysin O 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Rabbit RBCs 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Latex Agglutination Assays