Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By Bhaskar Dubal
Extinguishing by Smothering
• When water is applied to a fire or a hot compartment
surface, steam is formed. The dilution of the air (oxygen)
supply around the fuel sources provides suppression by a
smothering action.
Extinguishing by Dilution
• Fires in water-soluble, flammable materials may, in some instances, be
extinguished by dilution.
• For example, dilution can be used successfully in a fire involving an ethyl
or methyl alcohol spill if it is possible to get an adequate mixture of water
and alcohol, and the mixture can be contained while it is being diluted.
• Check valves shall not be permitted elsewhere in the fire water system,
except as required by this Standard.
• The discharge line from each pump shall be fitted with a check valve, a
test valve, a pressure gage and a block valve with a locking device; the test
valves shall have a common return line with a flow metering unit.
• As per NFPA-20
• Surge control is critical for off shore and when GRE piping is
used. A surge analysis study shall be conducted wherever
this problem is likely to happen.
• The jockey pump stop point should equal the pump churn pressure
plus minimum static supply pressure. ( A pump is in churn when it
operates at shutoff head or no flow.)
a) The jockey start point should be at least 10 psi (0.68 bar) less than
the jockey pump stop point.
b) The fire pump start point should be 5 psi (0.34 bar) less than the
jockey pump start point. Use 10 psi (0.68 bar) increments for each
additional pump.
• Fire water systems may not have continuous flow of water, and
protection against freezing may be needed as dictated by local
ambient conditions.
• Surface drain shall be adequate to drain the total volume of water that can be used
during fire fighting.
• The main ring will be verified by hydraulic calculation in order to have a minimum
pressure of 7.0 barg at all areas and at the farthest take-off point.
• Above ground parts of fire water ring main shall have adequate drainage facilities.
• Piping should be laid along side roads at a distance from Hydrocarbon piping and 2m
away from edge of the road or 1 m from sidewalk.
• The firewater piping on two adjacent sides of the process units will
remain in service at all times.
Underground
• Soft water : Ductile cast iron, Carbon steel, Glass reinforced
epoxy.
• Sea water : Carbon steel with cement lining, Glass fiber
reinforced epoxy
• GRP / GRE piping may be used only below ground
Above ground
• Soft water : Carbon steel.
• Glass reinforced epoxy are made from the dual helical winding technology.
• The major raw materials used for this are fiber glass, Amine Cured Epoxy resin and
sand (certain cases).
• Inner liner consists of surface tissue and Amine Cured Epoxy resin for maximum
chemical resistance and will enhance abrasion resistance.
• The structural layer consists of E- glass and Amine Cured Epoxy resin.
• Outer Liner is a small layer with structure similar to the structural layer.
• Diameters of pipes produced range from 25mm to 2000mm currently.
• GRE pipes are lighter and easier to handle and have a smoother internal surface
GRE pipes also have minimal thermal conductivity giving it insulation properties.
• The barrel on this type hydrant is normally dry with water being
admitted only when there is a need.
• A drain valve at the base of the barrel is open when the main valve
is closed, allowing residual water in the barrel to drain out. This
type of hydrant is used whenever there is a chance the temperature
will go below freezing, because the valve and water supply are
installed below the frost line.
• Monitors shall not be located within 3 m (10 ft) of any catch basin
or drainage channel.
•
• Monitors shall not be located inside tank dikes or in drainage
swales.
• The release of this pressure (as from the opening of a sprinkler) permits
the water pressure to open a valve known as a dry pipe valve and the
water then flows into the piping system and out of the open sprinkler
head.
• Dry pipe sprinkler systems are installed in areas where wet pipe systems
may be inappropriate such as areas where freezing temperatures might be
expected.
• Water curtain
• Foam systems
• High hazard area the deluge valve shall be protected by blast wall
• Valves shall be located a minimum of 100 feet from any dike walls
enclosing the vessel/tank being protected and a minimum of 150
feet from a vessel/tank being protected, if the vessel/tank is not
enclosed by a dike wall.
• They shall not be located within 25 feet of any high fire potential
equipment or within 10 feet of a catch basin, drainage channel or
swale.
• The piping shall slope to the low points with a minimum slope of
1/165.
• Small bore pipe lengths, regularly used to connect deluge nozzle to supply
branch, shall be minimised as they generate high levels of pressure drop.
• It must be noted that some clients do not accept RO's sized under a certain
ratio in comparison with the line internal diameter.
• In the absence of such criteria, 20% of the pipe ID must be considered as the
lowest acceptable ratio to remove cavitations appearance.
• ¾" valved drain (To make sure that pipes are dry in normal
operating conditions, such valves are usually left open where for
instance installed in safely accessible areas ; e.g. immediately
downstream of the deluge valves)
SPRAY
NOZZLES
Electrical Detection
System Control Panel
• Uninsulated vessel skirts shall have water spray applied on one exposed
(uninsulated) side, either inside or outside, at a net rate of not less than
10.2 (L/min.)/m2
• If the normal liquid level is below the mid-point of the vessel, the surface area
between the mid-point of the vessel and the normal liquid level shall also be
protected.
• For vertical vessels, a maximum rundown of 3.7 m (12 ft) between spray rings, and
between the lower-most spray ring and normal liquid level shall be permitted.
• For vessel/equipment protection, only one spray angle and size of orifice should be
used to protect a single item of equipment, and nozzles shall be of the maximum
orifice size permissible in accordance with the calculations.
• On some vessel ends, it may be accepted that different “K” factor and cone angle
nozzles are deployed to those protecting the vessel shell.
• spray system to cool down the product and the vessel/ exchanger, in the
event of a fire.
Design
Design
• The vertical extent of the water spray application shall be approx. 12m
above grade with minimum of one spray nozzle directed at the bottom
vessel head inside the skirt.
• When vessel skirts are not fireproofed, consideration shall be given to
supplemental spray protection inside the skirt.
• For extra hazard, use 2323 square meters (25000 square feet) as limit
for the area.
• Dry pipe systems shall be designed for 130% of the listed areas
• A vertical pipe installed in a building for fire fighting purposes, fitted with
inlet connections at fire brigade access level and landing valves at
specified point, which is normally dry but is capable of being charged with
water usually by pumping from fire service appliances.
Wet Pipe System shall meet the following requirements must also be
considered:
• The maximum piping volume in any branch must not exceed 2270 l (600
gallons).
• Dry pipe systems are used in buildings which are unheated and water
could freeze in the piping.
• Dry pipe systems are slower and costly than wet pipe systems.
• Dry pipe system is used in spaces where the ambient temperature may be
cold enough to freeze the water in a wet pipe system. Water is not present
in the piping until the system operates
• to allow the egress of air when the line fills and the ingress of air
during drain down operations.
• Each landing valve outlet shall consist of a valve and 2.5" hose
coupling complete with protective cap and chain.
FIRE CABINET
FIRE CABINET
Delivery hose
couplings Branches
Hose reels should be sited in prominent and accessible positions at each floor level
adjacent to exits in such a way that the nozzle of the hose can be taken into every
area and within 6 m of each part of an area, having regard to any obstruction
Coverage of all ground-level vessels and equipment by at least one live hose reel shall
be provided as follows:
• Process areas.
• Utility areas for process areas.
• Combustible/flammable yard storage; inside warehouses,
labs, industrial shops, and construction camp buildings.
• Scraper traps located in plant areas.