Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quantization
Lecture 8
Outline
• Introduction
• Uniform amplitude quantization
• Audio
• Quantization error (noise) analysis
• Noise immunity in communication systems
• Conclusion
• Digital vs. analog audio (optional)
8-2
Resolution
• Human eyes
Sample received light on 2-D grid
Photoreceptor density in retina
falls off exponentially away
from fovea (point of focus)
Respond logarithmically to
intensity (amplitude) of light Foveated grid:
• Human ears point of focus in middle
Respond to frequencies in 20 Hz to 20 kHz range
Respond logarithmically in both intensity (amplitude) of
sound (pressure waves) and frequency (octaves)
Log-log plot for hearing response vs. frequency 8-3
Data Conversion
• Analog-to-Digital Conversion Lecture 4 Lecture 8
Lowpass filter has Analog
stopband frequency Lowpass Quantizer
less than ½ fs to reduce Filter
Sampler at
aliasing due to sampling sampling
(enforce sampling theorem) rate of fs
8-7
Dynamic Range
• Signal-to-noise ratio in dB Why 10 log10 ?
Signal Power
SNR dB 10 log 10 For amplitude A,
Noise Power
10 log 10 Signal Power
|A|dB = 20 log10 |A|
10 log 10 Noise Power With power P |A|2 ,
PdB = 10 log10 |A|2
• For linear systems,
PdB = 20 log10 |A|
dynamic range equals SNR
• Lowpass anti-aliasing filter for audio CD format
Ideal magnitude response of 0 dB over passband
Astopband = 0 dB Noise Power in dB = -98.08 dB
8-8
Dynamic Range in Audio
• Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Anechoic room 10 dB
Whisper 30 dB
Reference in dB SPL is 20 Pa Rainfall 50 dB
(threshold of hearing) Dishwasher 60 dB
40 dB SPL noise in typical living room City Traffic 85 dB
Leaf Blower 110 dB
120 dB SPL threshold of pain
Siren 120 dB
80 dB SPL resulting dynamic range
Slide by Dr. Thomas D.
• Estimating dynamic range Kite, Audio Precision
(a) Find maximum RMS output of the linear system with some
specified amount of distortion, typically 1%
(b)Find RMS output of system with small input signal (e.g.
-60 dB of full scale) with input signal removed from output
(c) Divide (b) into (a) to find the dynamic range
8-9
Quantization Error (Noise) Analysis
• Quantization output • Assumptions
Input signal plus noise m (-mmax, mmax)
Noise is difference of Uniform midrise quantizer
output and input signals Input does not overload
• Signal-to-noise ratio quantizer
(SNR) derivation Quantization error (noise)
Quantize to B bits is uniformly distributed
Number of quantization
m QB[ · ] v levels L = 2B is large
enough 1 1
Quantization error so that L 1 L
q QB [m] m v m
8 - 10
Quantization Error (Noise) Analysis
• Deterministic signal x(t) • Autocorrelation of x(t)
w/ Fourier transform X(f) Rx (t ) x(t ) * x* (t )
Power spectrum is square of Maximum value (when it
absolute value of magnitude exists) is at Rx(0)
response (phase is ignored) Rx(t) is even symmetric,
Px ( f ) X ( f ) X ( f ) X * ( f )
2
i.e. Rx(t) = Rx(-t)
x(t)
Multiplication in Fourier domain 1
is convolution in time domain
Conjugation in Fourier domain is 0 Ts t
Rx(t)
reversal & conjugation in time Ts
X ( f ) X * ( f ) F x(t ) * x* (t )
-Ts Ts t
8 - 11
Quantization Error (Noise) Analysis
• Two-sided random signal n(t) Pn ( f ) F Rn (t )
Fourier transform may not exist, but power spectrum exists
Rn (t ) E n(t ) n (t t ) n(t ) n* (t t ) dt
*
Rn (t ) E n(t ) n* (t t ) n(t ) n* (t t ) dt n(t ) * n* (t )
For zero-mean Gaussian random process n(t) with variance s2
Rn (t ) E n(t ) n* (t t ) 0 when t 0
Rn (t ) E n(t ) n (t t ) s (t ) s 2
* 2 Pn ( f )
• Estimate noise power
spectrum in Matlab approximate
N = 16384; % finite no. of samples noise floor
gaussianNoise = randn(N,1);
plot( abs(fft(gaussianNoise)) .^ 2 ); 8 - 12
Quantization Error (Noise) Analysis
• Quantizer step size • Input power: Paverage,m
2 mmax 2 mmax
D Signal Power
L 1 L SNR
• Quantization error Noise Power
D D Paverage,m 3Paverage,m 2 B
q SNR 2
2 2 sQ 2 2
mmax
q is sample of zero-mean
SNR exponential in B
random process Q
Adding 1 bit increases SNR
q is uniformly distributed
by factor of 4
s Q2 E Q 2 Q2
• Derivation of SNR in
zero
D2 1 2 2 B
deciBels on next slide
s mmax 2
2
Q
12 3
8 - 13
Quantization Error (Noise) Analysis
• SNR in dB = constant + 6.02 dB/bit * B Loose
upper
3Paverage,m 2 B
10 log 10 SNR 10 log 10 2
2
bound
mmax
10 log 10 3 10 log 10 Paverage,m 20 log 10 mmax 20 B log 10 (2)