By

 Name of the students Roll no

1. Arijit karmakar 50
2. Bishal balmiki 43
3. Arif mondal 52
Electric power can be transmitted or
distributed either by overhead system or
by underground cables. The
underground cables have serveral
advantages such as less liable to
damage through storms or lightning, low
maintenance cost, less chances of faults,
smaller voltage drop and better general
appearance.
 An underground cable essentially
consists of one or more conductors
covered with suitable insulation and
surrounded by a protecting cover.
 (i) Cores or Conductors
 (ii) Insulatian
 (iii) Metallic sheath
 (iv) Bedding
 (v) Armouring
 (vi) Serving.
 (i) Low-tension (L.T.) cables — upto 1000
V
 (ii) High-tension (H.T.) cables — upto
11,000 V
 (iii) Super-tension (S.T.) cables — from 22
kV to 33 kV
 (iv) Extra high-tension (E.H .T.) cables —
from 33 kV to 66 kV
 (v) Extra super voltage cables — beyond
132 kV
 1. Belted cables — upto 11 kV
 2. Screened cables — from 22 kV to 66
kV
 3. Pressure cables — beyond 66 kV.
Electric Stress in Single-Core Cables
D= q/(2πx)
E = D/ε = q/(2πεx)
q: Charge on conductor surface (C/m)
D: Electric flux density at a radius x (C/m2)
E: Electric field (potential gradient), or
electric stress, or dielectric stress.
ε: Permittivity (ε= ε0. εr)
εr: relative permittivity or dielectric
constant.
 R
q R
V   E.dx  ln
r
2 r
q V
E 
2.x x. ln
R
r
r: conductor radius.
R: Outside radius of insulation or inside
radius of sheath.
V: potential difference between conductor
and sheath (Operating voltage of
cable).
Dielectric Strength: Maximum voltage that
dielectric can withstand before it
breakdown.
Average Stress: Is the amount of voltage
across the insulation material divided by
the thickness of the insulator.
Emax = E at x = r
= V/(r.lnR/r)
Emin = E at x = R
= V/(R.lnR/r)
For a given V and R, there is a conductor
radius that gives the minimum stress at
the conductor surface. In order to get
the smallest value of Emax:
dEmax/dr =0.0
ln(R/r)=1 R/r=e=2.718
Grading of cables means the distribution of
dielectric stress such that the difference
between the maximum and minimum electric
stress is reduced. Therefore, the cable of the
same size could be operated at higher
voltages or for the same operating voltage,
a cable of relatively small size could be used.
This method involves the use of two or
more layers of dielectrics having
different permittivities, those with higher
permittivity being near the conductor.
Ex =q/(2 πεo.εr .x)
The permittivity can be varied with radius
x such that (ideal case):
εr = k/x
Then Ex =q/(2 πεo. k)
Ex is constant throughout the thickness of
insulation.
In the figure shown
At x=r Emax1 =q/(2 πεo. ε1r)
At x=r1 Emax2 =q/(2 πεo. ε2r1)
At x=r2 Emax3 =q/(2 πεo. ε3r2)
If all the three dielectrics are operated at the
same maximum electric stress
(Emax1=Emax2=Emax3=Emax) , then:
(1/ ε1r) = (1/ ε2r1) = (1/ ε3r2)
ε1r = ε2r1 = ε3r2, get r1 , r2
The operating voltage V is:
r1 r2 R
V   E x .dx   E x .dx   E x .dx
r r1 r2

q r1 q r2 q R
 ln  ln  ln
2o 1 r 2o 2 r1 2o 3 r2
 r1 r2 R
V  Emax r ln  r1 ln  r2 ln 
 r r1 r2 
 q
C
V
2o

1 r1 1 r 2 1 R
ln  ln  ln
 1 r  2 r1  3 r 2
 r1
r2
r ε ε ε

V
V1
V2
R V=0
Intersheath Grading is a method of creating uniform voltage gradient across the
insulation by means of separating the insulation into two or more layers by thin
conductive strips. These strips are kept at different voltage levels through the
secondary of a transformer.
Assume that the potential difference
between conductor an sheath is V, then
a charge of conductor and sheath will
be +q and –q (C/m)

C= q/V
C= 2 πε/ln(R/r) F/m
 Charging Current

Ich = V/Xc = ω.C.V =

2πf.C.V
It is observed that as cable length and
operating voltage increase, Capacitance
(c) and the charging current will be
increase.
R =ρ l /A
 
Ri  .dx
2 x l
R
 dx
Ri   .
r
2  l x
 R
Ri  . ln
2 l r
Where:

Ri : insulation resistance in ohms.

ρ: insulation (dielectric) resistivity in Ω.m

l: Cable length (m).

It is observed that the insulation resistance is

inversely proportional to the cable length.
=
Measurement of Capacitance of 3-core Cables

Cy = C s + 2 C c
Cx = 3 C s
The capacitance per phase is
given by:
C0 = Cs + 3Cc =(Cx/3) + 3((Cy /2) - (Cx /2))

C0 = 3 (Cy /2) - (Cx /6)

In case the test are not available the
following empirical formulas can be
used (p. 347)
 Core loss
 Dielectric loss
 Intersheath loss
 Thank You
• Arijit Karmakar
• Bishal Balmiki
• Arif Mondal