NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

Numerical Reservoir
Simulation
Press the button to start

Back Next
Topic Overview
Topic overview
Introduction
Differential equations
Gridding An introduction to standard numerical solution
Difference approximation
Discretization error
techniques for reservoir flow equations.
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
Reservoir performance
html
Developers References
Back
Introduction
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Gridding
Stability analyses
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
Differential Numerical Reservoir

equations Modell equations
for mass flow
Reservoir Performance
Difference Approximation Discretization Error
For more information click on the subject you want to learn more about.
Discretization Techniques
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding General partial differential equations for reservoir
fluid flow must be discretized before they can be
Stability Analyses treated computationally.
Reservoir equations
The most common techniques are:
- finite differences
- finite elements
We will in in this module learn about the finite

difference technique.
html
Finite Differences
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Finite difference approximations are used in most
Difference approximation commercial reservoir simulation software to solve
Stability Analyses
fluid flow equations numerically.
Reservoir equations
Main steps in a discretization procedure:
- replace differential operators by algebraic

ciexpressions
- compute approximate solution at given points and
iiispecified times
html
Next
Differential Equations for Mass Flow

Topic overview
Introduction
Mass conservation equations for Black Oil models:
Gridding
Difference approximation water :
[k ]krw  S
Stability Analyses  [ (pw   wd )]  Qw  ( w )
Reservoir equations
 w Bw t Bw
Where Ql are sink/source term
oil :
[k ]k ro  S
 [ (po   o d )]  Qo  ( o )
 o Bo t Bo
gas :
[k ]k rg [k ]k ro
 [ (p g   g d )]    [ R (po   o d )]  Qg
 g Bg  o Bo s
 S S R
 ( g   o s )
t Bg Bo
Discretization Techniques
Back Next
Reservoir Equations
Topic overview
Introduction
Discrete equations for Black Oil models for
Gridding block i,j,k:
Discretization error water :
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations Vi , j ,k Sw
Tw w  qw,i , j ,k   t ( )
t Bw
oil :
Vi , j ,k So
To o  qo ,i , j ,k   t ( )
t Bo
gas :
Vi , j ,k S g Rs S o
Tg g  RsTo o  q g ,i , j ,k  t (  )
t Bg Bo
For more information click on the equation you want to learn more about.
html
Next
Water Equation
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding The water equation consists of three parts; a flow
term, a well term and an accumulation term.
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
Reservoir performance Flow term + well term = accumulation term
water :
Vi , j ,k
Sw
Tw w  qw,i , j ,k   t ( )
t Bw
For more information click on the term of the water equation you want to learn more about.
html
Next
Flow Term for Water

Topic overview
Introduction
The flow term for water consists of three terms,

Gridding
Stability Analyses
one for each coordinate direction.
Reservoir equations
water :
Tw w   xTwx  x wx   yTwy  y wy   zTwz  z wz
For more information click on the term of the equation you want to learn more about.
html
Next
Flow Term for Water in x- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding The x-part consists of two terms; one to compute
flow to neighbour block in the positive direction
Stability Analyses and one for flow in the negative direction.
Reservoir equations
water :
k x k rw
 xTwx  x w  ( ) i  12 y j z k (w,i 1  w,i )
 w Bw x
k x k rw
( ) i  12 y j z k (w,i  w,i 1 )
 w Bw x
For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

html
Back Next
Flow Term for Water in y- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding The y-part consists of two terms; one to compute
Discretization error flow to neighbour block in the positive direction
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
and one for flow in the negative direction.
water :
k y k rw
 yTwy  y w  ( ) j  12 xi z k (w, j 1  w, j )
 w Bw y
k y k rw
( ) j  12 xi z k (w, j  w, j 1 )
 w Bw y

html
Back
Flow Term for Water in z- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding The z-part consists of two terms; one to compute
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
water :
k z k rw
 zTwz  z w  ( ) k  12 xi y j (w, z 1  w, z )
 w Bw z
k z k rw
( ) k  12 xi y j (w, z  w, z 1 )
 w Bw z

html
Back Next
Well Term for Water

Topic overview
Introduction
Specification are different for production and

Gridding
Stability Analyses
injection wells.
Reservoir equations
water Click here to see how the production term for water is given.
Well Equations for Black Oil Model
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
water :
Reservoir equations
krw
q w ,i  WI i ( )i ( pi  pwell )
 w Bw
2kh
WI i 
r
ln( e )  S
rw
Pwell = pressure in the well
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
oil :
Reservoir equations
k ro
qo , i  WI i ( ) i ( pi  pwell )
 o Bo
2kh
WI i 
r
ln( e )  S
rw
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
gass :
Reservoir equations
k rg k ro Rs
q g ,i  WI i ( ) i ( pi  pwell )  WI i ( ) i ( pi  pwell )
 g Bg  o Bo
2kh
WI i 
r
ln( e )  S
rw
Back
Accumulation Term for Water

Topic overview
Introduction
The change of mass of water in block i,j,k during

Gridding
time t between step n and n+1 is given by:
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
water :
Vi , j ,k Sw Vi , j ,k S w n1 S w n
 t ( )  [( ) ( ) ]
t Bw t Bw Bw
html
Back
Evaluation on Block Boundaries

Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
html
Back Next
Oil Equation
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding The oil equation consists of three parts; a flow
term, a well term and an accumulation term.
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
Reservoir performance Flow term + well term = accumulation term
oil :
Vi , j , k
So
To o  qo ,i , j , k   t ( )
t Bo
For more information click on the term of the oil equation you want to learn more about.
html
Next
Flow Term for Oil

Topic overview
Introduction
The flow term for oil consists of three

Gridding
Stability Analyses
terms, one for each coordinate direction.
Reservoir equations
oil :
To o   xTox  x ox   yToy  y oy   zToz  z oz
html
Next
Flow Term for Oil in x- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Reservoir equations
oil :
k x k ro
 xTox  x o  ( )i  12 y j zk (o,i 1  o,i )
 o Bo x
k x k ro
( )i  12 y j zk (o,i  o,i 1 )
 o Bo x

html
Back Next
Flow Term for Oil in y- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
oil :
k y k ro
 yToy  y o  ( ) j  12 xi zk (o, j 1  o, j )
 o Bo y
k y k ro
( ) j  12 xi zk (o, j  o, j 1 )
 o Bo y

html
Back
Flow Term for Oil in z- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
oil :
k z k ro
 zToz  z o  ( ) k  12 xi y j (o, z 1  o, z )
 o Bo z
k z k ro
( ) k  12 xi y j (o, z  o , z 1 )
 o Bo z

html
Back Next
Well Term for Oil

Topic overview
Introduction

Gridding
Stability Analyses
injection wells.
Reservoir equations
oil Click here to see how the production term for oil is given.
Back
Accumulation Term for Oil

Topic overview
Introduction

Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
oil :
Vi , j ,k So Vi , j ,k  S o n 1  S o n
 t ( )  [( ) ( ) ]
t Bo t Bo Bo
html
Back
Gas Equation
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding The gas equation consists of a flow term for gas and
dissolved gas, a well term and an accumulation term for
Stability Analyses gas and dissolved gas.
Reservoir equations
Flow terms + well term = accumulation terms
gas :
Vi , j ,k S g
Rs So
Tg g  RsTo o  q g ,i , j ,k  t (  )
t Bg Bo
html
Next
Flow Term for Gas

Topic overview
Introduction
The flow term for gas consists of three

Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
gas :
Tg g   xTgx  x gx   yTgy  y gy   zTgz  z gz
html
Next
Flow Term for Gas in x- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Reservoir equations
gas :
k x k rg
 xTgx  x g  ( )i  12 y j z k (g ,i 1  g ,i )
 g Bg x
k x k rg
( )i  12 y j zk (g ,i  g ,i 1 )
 g Bg x

html
Back Next
Flow Term for Gas in y- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Reservoir equations
gas :
k y k rg
 yTgy  y g  ( ) j  12 xi z k (g , j 1  g , j )
 g Bg y
k y k rg
( ) j  12 xi zk (g , j  g , j 1 )
 g Bg y
For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox. (not active yet)
html
Back
Flow Term for Gas in z- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Reservoir equations
gas :
k z k rg
 zTgz  z g  ( ) k  12 xi y j (g , z 1  g , z )
 g Bg z
k z k rg
( ) k  12 xi y j (g , z  g , z 1 )
 g Bg z

html
Back Next
Flow Term for Dissolved Gas

Topic overview
Introduction
The flow term for dissolved gas consists of three

Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
dissolved gas :
RsTo o   x RsTox  x ox   y RsToy  y oy
  z RsToz  z oz
html
Next
Flow Term for Dissolved Gas in x- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Reservoir equations
dissolved gas :
k x k ro Rs
 x RsTox  x o  ( ) i  y j zk (o ,i 1  o ,i )
 o Bo x
1
2
k x k ro Rs
( ) i  y j zk (o ,i  o ,i 1 )
 o Bo x
1
2

html
Back Next
Flow Term for Dissolved Gas in y- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Reservoir equations
dissolved gas :
k y k ro Rs
 y RsToy  y o  ( ) j  xi z k (o , j 1  o , j )
 o Bo y
1
2
k y k ro Rs
( ) j  xi z k (o , j  o , j 1 )
 o Bo y
1
2

html
Back
Flow Term for Dissolved Gas in z- direction

Topic overview
Introduction
Reservoir equations
dissolved gas :
k z k ro Rs
 z RsToz  z o  ( ) k  xi y j (o , z 1  o , z )
 o Bo z
1
2
k z k ro Rs
( ) k  xi y j (o , z  o , z 1 )
 o Bo z
1
2

html
Back Next
Well Term for Gas

Topic overview
Introduction

Gridding
Stability Analyses
injection wells.
Reservoir equations
gas Click here to see how the production term for gas is given.
Back
Accumulation Term for Gas and Dissolved Gas

Topic overview
Introduction

Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
gas :
Vi , j ,k  Sg  Rs S o
t (  )
t Bg Bo
Vi , j ,k  S g  Rs S o n 1  S g  Rs S o n
[(  ) (  ) ]
t Bg Bo Bg Bo
html
Back
Definition of Symbols
Topic overview
Introduction l = o,w,g sls =
s = x,y,z
WIp =
Gridding p = i,j,k
Difference approximation ql,i,j,k = pi =
Ql,i,j,k = pwell =
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
 =
Sl =
Bl =
[k] =
k =
l =
Vi,j,k =
t =
t =
Rs =
Rs =
sTls =
Back Next
Difference Approximations
Topic overview
Introduction
Taylor series can be used to derive a difference
Gridding formula for single and double derivates.
Stability Analyses Taylor series of f(x+x) and f(x-x) are given by:
Reservoir equations
Reservoir performance 1 1 k 
f ( x  x)  f ( x)  f ( x)x  
f ( x)x    f ( x)x k
2
2! k!
1 1 k 
f ( x  x)  f ( x)  f ( x)x  
f ( x)x    f ( x)x k
2
2! k!
With these expansion we can deduce:

- first order approximation of f ’
- second order approximation of f ’
- second order approximation of f ’’
html
Next
First Order Approximation of f’

Topic overview
Introduction
From the expansion of f(x+Δx) we get an expression for f’(x):
Gridding
f ( x  x)  f ( x)
f ( x)  R
x
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
Reservoir performance From the expansion of f(x-Δx) we get an expression for f’(x):
f ( x)  f ( x  x)
f ( x)  R
x
This difference formula is used

for discretizing time derivative
in the mass equations
x x
Click on the box to see how the approximation changes when the step size is halved.
html
Difference Formula
Topic overview
Introduction
A first order approximation of ut at the point

Gridding
n+1 is given by:
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
u n1  u n
ut 
Reservoir performance n 1

t
The time axis is divided into points at

distance Δt:
n n 1
t t  t
html
Back
First Order Approximation of f’

Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
From the serie f(x+Δx):
Stability Analyses
f ( x  x)  f ( x)
Reservoir equations f ( x)  R
x
From the serie f(x-Δx):

f ( x)  f ( x  x)
f ( x)  R
x
x x
2 2
The step size reduction produces more accurate

approximations.
html
Back Next
Second Order Approximation of f’

Topic overview
Introduction
Adding expansion of f(x+Δx) and f(x-Δx) results
Gridding in the approximations:
Discretization error f ( x  x)  f ( x  x)
Stability Analyses f ( x)  R
Reservoir equations 2x
X X
Click on the box to see how the approximation changes when the time step is halved. html
Back
Second Order Approximation of f’

Topic overview
Introduction
The sum of f’(x) of the series f(x+Δx) and f(x-Δx):
Gridding
f ( x  x)  f ( x  x)
Stability Analyses f ( x)  R
Reservoir equations 2x
Step size reduction
will produce
more accurate
approximations.
x x
2 2
html
Back
Second Order Approximation of f’’

Topic overview
Introduction
Differential equations The sum of the Taylor series f(x+Δx) and

f(x-Δx) is used to deduced a second
Gridding
order approximation of f’’:
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
f ( x  x)  2 f ( x)  f ( x  x)
f ( x)    x 2

x 2
This approximation is frequently used and

the numerator is written:
2 f  f ( x  x)  2 f ( x)  f ( x  x)
html
Back
Difference Approximation
Topic overview
Introduction
Uxx can be approximated at each point i by the
Gridding formula:
u xx i  ui1  2ui2  ui1

Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations x
i 1 i i 1
x  x x x  x
html
Back Next
Discretization Error
Topic overview
Introduction
The order of a difference approximation can by
Gridding analysed using Taylor expansions.
Stability Analyses The discretization error approaches zero faster for
Reservoir equations
a high order approximation then for a low order
approximation.
html
Back Next
Gridding
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
A faulted reservoir Well locations An imposed grid
Click to the picture for sound (not Initial fluid distribution

active yet)
html
Next
A Faulted Reservoir
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
(Not active yet)
Back Next
Well Locations
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
(Not active yet)
An Imposed Grid
Topic overview
Introduction
Main criteria for grid selection:
Gridding
- The ability to identify saturations and pressures
Discretization error ii at specific locations (existing and planned well i
Stability Analyses
iiiilocations).
Reservoir equations
Reservoir performance - The ability to produce a solution with the i

iiiirequired accuracy (numerical dispersion and
iiiigrid orientation effects).
- The ability to represent geometry, geology and
iiiphysical properties of the reservoir (external
iiiboundaries, faults, permeability distribution
iiiincluding vertical layering).
- Keep the number of grid blocks small in order to

iiimeet requirements of limited money and time
iiiavailable for the study.
Back
Initial Fluid Distribution

Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
(Not active yet)
Back Next
Stability Analyses
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
Stable Unstable
(Not active yet)
html
Back Next
Stable
Topic overview
 t 
Introduction
Animation of the stable solution  2  0,4 
Differential equations  x 
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
html
Back Next
Unstable
Topic overview
Introduction
 t 
Animation of the unstable solution  2  0,6 
Gridding
 x 
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
html
Back
Reservoir Performance
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
Sound not active yet
Developers
Topic overview
Introduction
Gridding
Stability Analyses
Reservoir equations
Informasjon på min web-side

http://www.ux.his.no/~hans-k
Made by students
Siril Strømme and Rune Simonsen
Stavanger university college

NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Numerical Reservoir

Press the button to start

Differential Numerical Reservoir

Difference Approximation Discretization Error

The most common techniques are:

We will in in this module learn about the finite

- replace differential operators by algebraic

Differential Equations for Mass Flow

Reservoir performance Flow term + well term = accumulation term

Flow Term for Water

The flow term for water consists of three terms,

Flow Term for Water in x- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Flow Term for Water in y- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Flow Term for Water in z- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Well Term for Water

Specification are different for production and

Pwell = pressure in the well

Pwell = pressure in the well

Pwell = pressure in the well

Accumulation Term for Water

The change of mass of water in block i,j,k during

Evaluation on Block Boundaries

Reservoir performance Flow term + well term = accumulation term

Flow Term for Oil

The flow term for oil consists of three

Flow Term for Oil in x- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Flow Term for Oil in y- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Flow Term for Oil in z- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Well Term for Oil

Specification are different for production and

Accumulation Term for Oil

The change of mass of water in block i,j,k during

Flow terms + well term = accumulation terms

Flow Term for Gas

The flow term for gas consists of three

Flow Term for Gas in x- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Flow Term for Gas in y- direction

Flow Term for Gas in z- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Flow Term for Dissolved Gas

The flow term for dissolved gas consists of three

Flow Term for Dissolved Gas in x- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Flow Term for Dissolved Gas in y- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Flow Term for Dissolved Gas in z- direction

For information on block boundaries, click on the textbox.

Well Term for Gas

Specification are different for production and

Accumulation Term for Gas and Dissolved Gas

The change of mass of water in block i,j,k during

With these expansion we can deduce:

First Order Approximation of f’

This difference formula is used

A first order approximation of ut at the point