Eukaryote Transcription System

KURNIAHTUNNISA
0402517015
Overview: the roles of transcription and
translation in the flow of genetic information.
 TRANSCRIPTION

DNA  DNA = Replication

DNA  RNA = Transcription
RNA  Proteins = Translation

RNA Polymerases Carry Out Transcription

 Components Involved In
Transcription

DNA Template

RNA Polymerase I, II, dan III

General and spesific transcription

Factors
The core RNA polymerase, general transcription
Promoter : TATA box factors, a mediator complex containing about 20
subunits, and other protein complexes not
depicted here assemble at a promoter in DNA.
Type of Enzym Polymerase

• larger rRNAs (28S, 18S, 5.8S)

RNA Polymerase I

• mRNAs, most small nuclear RNAs

RNA Polymerase II (snRNAs and snoRNAs), most
microRNAs, and telomerase RNA

• small RNAs, including tRNAs, 5S

RNA Polymerase III rRNA, and U6 snRNA
 THREE STAGES IN TRANSCRIPTION

During initiation, RNA polymerase forms a transcription bubble and begins polimerization
of ribonucleotides (rNTPs) at the start site. Once of DNA region has been transcribed, the
separated strands reassociate into a double helix, displacing the nascent RNA except at its
3’ end. The 5’ end of the RNA strand exits the RNA polymerase through a channel in the
enzyme. Termination occurs when the polymerase encounters stop site.
Initiation of transcription of a
eukaryotic gene by RNA polymerase II.
Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a eukaryotic cell
Transcription Elongation. RNA
Polymerase moves along the DNA
template strand, joining
complementary RNA nucleotides to
the 3’ end of the growing RNA
transcript. Behind the polymerase,
the new RNA peels away from the
template strand, which re-forms a
double helix with the nontemplate
strand.
Chain Elongation During Transcription

(a)A schematic model of the elongation

of a newly synthesized RNA molecule
during transcription.
(b)Schematic drawing of an RNA
polymerase in the act of transcription
elongation.
(c)Chain elongation results following an
attack by the 3 OH of the nucleotide
at the end of the growing strand on
the 5 phosphate of the incoming
nucleoside triphosphate.
(d)Electron micrograph of several RNA
polymerase molecules bound to a
phage DNA template.
RNA SPLICING

• Transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding

genes starts before the sequence that
encodes the first amino acid and extends
beyond the sequence encoding the last amino
acid.
• These untranslated regions (UTRs) are
retained during processing. The 5 cap
(m7Gppp) is added during formation of the
primary RNA transcript, which extends
beyond the poly(A) site.
• After cleavage at the poly(A) site and addition
of multiple A residues to the 3 end, splicing
removes the introns and joins the exons.
Eukaryotes~ m-RNA must be processed before use
GTP "cap" = METHYLATED GUANINE added to 5’ end; for stability;
prevents degradation used to bind mRNA to ribosome
PolyA "tail" added to 3’ end (AAA)- stability; helps passage through
nuclear membrane
 Two types of splicing errors

A. Exon skipping B. Cryptic splice-site selection

Cryptic splicing signals are nucleotide sequences of

RNA that closely resemble true splicing signals
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION 