Manual de Registros Direccionales

Greatwall Drilling Company
GW-LWD Structure and Working Principle
GWDC,CNPC
Jan.2017
-0-
1.Overview
2.GW-LWD Structure
3.Principle & Function of Each Module
4.Tools Operation Process
5. LWD Operation Flow Chart in the Field
-1-
1.Overview
LWD（Logging While Drilling）, is a
logging tool while drilling. It can
measure the parameters of well trajectory
and the resistivity value, natural gamma-
ray value of the formation. And send
these information to the surface
equipment in realtime by mud or by
electromagnetic wave.
MWD（Measurement While Drilling）, is

a measurement tool while drilling. It can
measure the parameters of well trajectory. LWD/MWD Tool
And send the information to the surface
equipment in realtime by mud or by
electromagnetic wave.
-2-
2.Structure
GW-LWD system, an advanced logging tool, is manufactured by
GWDC of CNPC. This LWD is mainly composed of surface
equipment and downhole instrument.
GW-LWD（BWR）Logging While Drilling System
Surface Equipment Downhole Instruments
Surface Data Notebook Driller’s Resistivity Gamma-ray

Sensors Cables MWD
Software Processor Computer Display Logging Tool Probe
Pressure Pressure Sensor Main Value

Sensor Cable
Pulser
Depth Depth Sensor
Sensor Cable
Generator
Hookload Load Sensor Rectifier& Driver

Sensor Cable
Memory
Driller’s Display
Cable
Directional Probe
Expansion Link
-3-
2.Structure
Surface Equipment
Surface Data Notebook Driller’s

Sensors Cables
Software Processor Computer Display
Surface Equipment
Pressure Pressure Sensor

Sensor Cable
Pressure
Sensor
Driller’s
Display Depth Depth Depth Sensor
Hookload Sensor Sensor Cable
Sensor
Hookload Load Sensor

Sensor Cable
Driller’s Display
Pressure Sensor Load Sensor Driller’s Display Depth Sensor Cable
Cable Cable Cable Cable
Notebook
Computer
Data Processor
-4-
2.Structure
Assembly 1 Assembly 2
Main Value
Downhole Instrument Assembly 1 Downhole Instrument Assembly 2

Pulser
Resistivity Gamma-ray Resistivity Gamma-ray

MWD Generator MWD
Logging Tool Probe Logging Tool Probe
Main Value
Rectifier& Driver
Pulser 1 Memory Pulser 2
Directional Probe
Generator
Expansion Link
Rectifier& Driver 1 Rectifier& Driver 2
Main Memory Main Memory
Directional Probe Directional Probe
Resistivity
Expansion Link Logging Tool Expansion Link
Gamma-ray
Probe
-5-
3.Principle & Function of Each Module

3.1 Main value
The main value is controlled automatically by the pressure signal generated by
the pulser 2. The main value bell will move up and down to generate strong
pressure wave in the mud. The main value is to strengthen the signal produced
by the pulser 2.
-6-
3.2 Pulser
3.2.1 Pulser 1
The pulser 1 is the assembly of pulser and generator. It has two function. One is
is to receive the electric signal from rectifier& driver 1, then turn it into mud
pressure signal. Another function is to generate alternating current(3 Phase,87v)
and supply power for the whole downhole instument.
Pulser 1
Pulser 1 Aassembly
3.2.2 Pulser 2
The pulser 2 is to receive the electric signal from rectifier& driver 2, then turn it
into mud pressure signal.
Pulser 2 Assembly
-7-
3.3 Generator
The generator is to generate alternating current(3 phase,87v) and supply power

for the whole downhole instrument.
Generator Sleeve
Pulser 2 & Generator

Assembly
Pulser 2 Generator
Generator Sub
Pulser 2 & Generator Sub

Assembly Pulser 2
Generator Sleeve
-8-
3.4 Rectifier& Driver

3.4.1 Rectifier& Driver 1
The Rectifier& Driver 1 has two function. one is to convert the electricity(3
phase,87v) from the generator into direct current(+33v), then transmit it to the
next module(Momery). Another function is to turn the electric pulse signal(+5v)
into bigger electric pulse signal, then transmits it to pulser 1.
Rectifier& Driver 1
3.4.2 Rectifier& Driver 2

The Rectifier& Driver 2 has two function. one is to convert the electricity(3
phase,87v) from the generator into direct current(+33v), then transmit it to the
next module(Momery). Another function is to turn the electric pulse signal(+5v)
into bigger electric pulse signal(1.5A), then transmits it to pulser 2.
Rectifier& Driver 2
Driver 2
Rectifier 2
-9-
3.5 Main Memory

The Main memory, also called Memory 1, is to store the whole data measured by
the Directional Probe, Resistivity Logging Tool and Gamma-ray Probe. While
drilling, only part of the measured date will be sent to the surface equipment in
realtime. We can download the whole measured date from the memory after it is
pulled to the ground. Another function is to receive the electrical pulse
signal(+5v) from Directional probe, and transmit it to the Rectifier& Driver .
Memory
3.6 Directional Probe

The primary function of Directional Probe is measuring the parameters of well
trajectory, such as inclination, azimuth, toolface, total gravity and total magnetic
field of the earth. Other dates measured include rotate speed of the pipe, bottom
temperature of the well. The second function is to control the operation and stop
of Directional Probe, Memory, Resisitivity Tool, and Gamma Probe. The third
function is to generate electrical pulse signal(+5V) carrying the data measured,
and send it to the memory.
Directional Probe
-10-
Directional Probe measurement theory
Inclination
The angle (in degrees) between the local vertical
(local gravity vector as indicated by a plumb
bob) and the tangent to the well bore axis at a
particular point.
Inclination
Azimuth(Hole Direction)
The azimuth of a borehole at a point is the
direction of the borehole on the horizontal plane,
measured as a clockwise angle (0°- 360°) from
the North reference.
All magnetic tools give readings referenced to
Inclination
Magnetic North; however, the final calculated
Azimuth
coordinates are referenced to either True North
or Grid North.
-11-

Toolface
Toolface Orientation is the angular measurement Highside Toolface
of the toolface of a deflection tool with respect to
either North or up (highside).
Inclination
Highside/Magnetic Toolface
Low side 180° TFO
Highside Toolface
•also called as gravity Toolface, an angular
between the high side line and the MWD
sensor Y-Axis, indicates whether a
component is facing up, down, to the left or
right
Magnetic Toolface
• an angular measurement from North to the
MWD sensor Y-Axis.
-12-

• There are 6 sensors distributed in the probe
measurement unit. Their position distributes
as the chart. Hy Hz Gz
• The 3 gravity sensors separately measure the Gy
component of the gravity in 3 orientations,

Hx Gx
including Gx, Gy, Gz.
• The 3 magnetic sensors separately measure Magnetic Field Gravity Field
the component of the magnetic field in 3
orientations, including Hx, Hy, Hz.
• Gt - Total Gravity Field Strength - Gx, Gy, Gz
• Bt - Total Magnetic Field Strength - Hx, Hy, Hz
• Dip - Angle at which Magnetic field is from horizontal - All 6 axis
• Inclination - Angle of borehole from vertical - Gx, Gy, Gz
• Azimuth - Direction of borehole from Magnetic North - All 6 axis
• HTFX - High Side of hole to Motor scribeline - Gx, Gy, SL correction
• MTFX - Magnetic North to Motor scribeline. - Hx, Hy
-13-
Calculation of TF, Az. & Inc.
-14-
QC of Survey Data
• The parameters Gt, Bt, and DIP are used to Quality Check the survey data.
• All should match location values expected within certain limits.
• If values are significantly different may indicate bad survey.
• Location values and QC limits should be determined Pre-Job.
Survey Results
• Once Survey has been checked, results can be given to Directional Driller
who will want 3 values:
 Survey Measured Depth
 Inclination of the borehole
 Azimuth of the borehole
-15-

Azimuth calibration
North References
Magnetic North - Earth’s Northern Magnetic Pole
( a natural phenomenon )
True North - Earth’s Northern Spin Axis
( a natural phenomenon )
Grid North - Map North, spherical co-ordinates projected into a

flat surface –( Man made reference )
Magnetic North
• Azimuth data is measured and transmitted
with reference to Magnetic North
• The position of magnetic North varies with
time.
-16-
Magnetic Declination
• As the position of Magnetic

North is not constant, Azimuth
must be referenced to
something that is, so that
position of a borehole will
remain constant in time.
• Azimuth surveys are corrected
to True North
• The location of True North is the

northerly position of the Earth’s
spin axis.
• We call the angular difference

between Magnetic and True
North “DECLINATION”
-17-
Magnetic Declination
• Declination is the angle

from True North to
Magnetic North
• West Declination -
Magnetic North lies to the
West of true North
• East Declination -
Magnetic North lies to the
East of True North
-18-
Magnetic Declination Correction
To correct from Magnetic to True:
 West Declination：subtract “correction”

 East Declination：add “correction”
-19-
Grid North
UTM Zones
• UTM Grid Zones are 6°of

longitude wide
• Each zone has a Central
Meridian where: Grid North =
True North
• Zones are numbered from 1 to
60 anti-clockwise beginning
at 180° longitude
-20-
Anatomy of a UTM zone
Central Meridian assigned a value of

500,000 m East.
Equator is assigned a value of 0 m North

in the northern hemisphere and
10,000,000 m North for southern
hemisphere.
The zone must therefore be specified as

north or south, e.g. UTM zone 31 N.
6°
-21-
Grid Convergence
Northern Hemisphere
-22-
Grid Convergence Correction
• Grid Convergence is the angle from True North to

Grid North.
 When Grid North lies west of True North, this
gives a West Convergence
 When Grid North lies east of True North this
gives an East Convergence
• INTEQ policy is to avoid use of + and – description
for convergence and to use “East” and “West”
instead.
• To correct from True to Grid
 East convergence ： subtract correction
 West Convergence ：add correction
TRUE GRID GRID TRUE
East West
- +
GRID=TRUE-EAST ONVERGENCE GRID=TRUE+WEST ONVERGENCE
-23-
Total Azimuth Correction

Example
Calculation of UTM Convergence

• UTM Convergence for a point P
= (sin (Latitude of P)) x (Longitude of P - Longitude of CM)
• Where CM = Central Meridian
-24-
Tool Face Monitoring

• In order to “steer” a well to a particular target, Steering tools must be
employed. Mud motor with bent housing
 when steering only the bit rotates
 By orienting the bend in a particular direction the well will drill in that
direction
• Tool face allows us to monitor the orientation of the “bend” in the
steerable system
• There are two types of tool face used in steering
 Highside toolface
 Magnetic toolface
High side Tool Face

• Defined as the orientation of the bend in the
assembly with respect to the HIGH SIDE of the
hole
• In an inclined well (>5 deg) HIGH SIDE is the 12
o’clock position of the hole
Anatomy of the pipe assembly
-25-
High Side Tool Face

• Defined as
 the orientation of the scribe-line relative to the Highside (12 o’clock
position) of the hole.
 defined mathematically to be the angle between the Y-axis and the
projection of the Earths GRAVITATIONAL field vector onto the X-Y plane,
measured clockwise from the vertical gravitational field vector to the Y-
axis.
 expressed as 0 - 360 degrees, when looking down the length of the tool.
• When tool is vertical, the projection of the Earths gravitational field vector
onto the X-Y plane is a single point and thus HSTF is undefined.
• At inclinations < 5 degrees HSTF is poorly defined.
-26-
High Side Tool Face

• In a steering assembly， the orientation of the highside toolface will
govern what will happens to the azimuth and inclination.
350～ 0 ～ 10
270-285 75-90
170-190
-27-
Scribe line Correction

• The MWD tool will measure the orientation of its y-axis (measured Tool Face)
• This needs to be referenced to some point on the collar after the tool is
loaded. The offset from the MWD tool Y-axis to the collar reference (scribe
line) is the Internal Offset.
• It is highly unlikely that this collar reference point (scribe line) will align
exactly with the bend in the steerable system so…...the offset from the MWD
scribe line to the bend must be measured and entered into the surface
system，also called Outside Offset.
• The Internal Tool Offset must also be entered into the surface system or
added to the scribe line offset
• The corrected tool face value displayed can be defined as –
 Corrected TF = MWD measured TF + Outside Offset + Internal Offset
-28-
Scribe line Correction

 Total Correction = 230 + 75 = 305 deg (-55 deg)
-29-
Motor Orientation
• The scribeline correction is always measured CLOCKWISE (looking
down towards the bit) from the MWD tool scribe line to the bend in
motor
 Scribe line Offset =(ARC LENGTH/ FLOW SUB OD )x360°
• e.g.
• Scribe line Offset (Motor Offset) =6.75/9.25*360 ° =262.7 °
Scribeline Correction
• The MWD tool will always reference its own sensor axis and transmit that
value to surface (HTFX)
• The scribe line and internal offsets are added by the surface System
• The displayed value should always be corrected for the scribe line offset
and the internal tool offset
• The transmitted tool face is HTFX (uncorrected). The tool face displayed
on the drillers dial is HTFB (corrected)
-30-
Magnetic Toolface
• In a vertical hole (<5 deg), there is no high side, however Tool face is still
a useful device.
• Magnetic tool face is the direction / azimuth. The bend is facing with
respect to Magnetic North
• Magnetic Tool face is corrected to either True or Grid North by applying
the Declination or Convergence as necessary
• Magnetic Toolface is measured as an azimuth of 0 - 360 deg
-31-
Magnetic Toolface
• Defined mathematically as
 the angle between the Y-axis and the projection of the Earths
MAGNETIC field vector onto the X-Y plane, measured clockwise from
the projected magnetic field vector to the Y-axis
 expressed as a value between 0 - 360 degrees
• If the MWD tool knows the
 azimuth of the high side
 orientation of the tool scribe line to the high side (HTFX)
• By calculating, we knows
 orientation of the bend relative to the tool
 internal scribe line offset
• By adding each of these values together we get the orientation of

the bend relative to Magnetic North
-32-
Magnetic Toolface
• Magnetic tool face is thus the orientation of the bend in the

steerable system with respect to Magnetic North
• Magnetic Declination and Grid Convergence are applied to
magnetic tool faces
• Magnetic tool faces are thus referenced to True or Grid North
• The MWD tool will transmit MTF(Magnetic Tool Face) up to and
including 4.9 degrees.
• The MWD tool will transmit HSTF(High Side Tool Face) at 5.0
degrees and above (Some areas may use other crossover values)
-33-
Magnetic Toolface
Exercise
Given the following information, draw a
Magnetic
diagram illustrating Internal offset, Azimuth =340
Magnetic Azimuth , Scribeline offset,
Highside and Magnetic Tool faces.
Magnetic Declination = 0 deg West

Magnetic Azimuth = 340 deg
Measured Tool face = 210 deg
Total Scribe line offset= + 60 deg
Inclination = 0.50 deg
MTFX =340+210=550=550-360=190 deg MTFB

MTFB =190+60=250 deg =250
-34-
3.7 Expansion Link

The Expansion Link connects the directional probe and communication sub to transmit
signal. It can extend and shorten to match the length of the drilling collar. It has
insurance, and it will burnt in emergency to cut the connection with Resistivity Tool.
This action will protect the Resistivity Tool and Gamma Probe from being burnt.
3.8 Communication Sub

The Communication Sub connect the Expansion Link and Resistivity Logging Tool to
transmit signal.
-35-
3.9 PWD Sub

The PWD Sub, (Pressure While Drilling) , connect the Expansion Link and Resistivity
Logging Tool to transmit signal. The second function is to measure the pressure and
vibration while drilling. It has pressure and vibration sensors.
Annulus Pressure
Measurement Via Hole
Notice: The PWD Sub and Communication Sub can instead of each other. Only
one of them will be install to the LWD tool.
-36-
3.10 Resistivity Logging Tool
The Resistivity Logging Tool

mainly measures the
resistivity value of the
surrounding formation. There
is also a memory unit, also
called Deputy Memory or
Memory 2, which controlled
by the Directional Probe
Master and stores the same
date with Main Memory.
-37-
RES measurement Theory
• The electromagnetic wave will generate Attenuation ratio and Phase shift
while it propagates in the formation.
• When the material compositions of formation vary, the resistivity will
change. The Attenuation ratio and Phase shift will also change.
• We can back calculate the resistivity value by the 2 kinds of difference.
Bottom T1 T3 R1 R2 T4 T2 Top
Phase Shift
Attenuation
Ratio
Tx R1 R2
-38-
• The Non-magnetic Drill Collar for

Resistivity Logging Tool has 4
transmitting coils and 2 receiving coils.
• The micro controller of the Resistivity
Logging Tool makes the transmitting
coils transmitter electromagnetic waves
of 2 MHz and 500 KHz, and lets the
receiving coils receive these
electromagnetic waves.
• Absorption of the wave in different
formation is different.
• By respectively analyzing the
Attenuation ratio and Phase shift of the
received electromagnetic waves, the
tool can work out the resistivity data of
the formation.
-39-

• The RES coils are symmetrical in structure. In order to reduce the
measurement error, we take the average value of the data measured by
corresponding symmetrical coils as a official result, also called
compensation value.
• E.g. H12P=50 .02 Ω · m, H12A=50 .01 Ω · m.
• This means T1 and T2 respectively transmit 2MHz electromagnetic
waves, and the R1 and R2 receive the electromagnetic waves. By back
calculating, we can get 4 values, Phase RES T1, Phase RES T2,
Attenuation RES T1, Attenuation RES T2.
• H12P is the average value of Phase RES T1 and Phase RES T2, 50 .02 Ω ·
m;
• H12A is the average value of Attenuation RES T1 and Attenuation RES
T2, 50.01 Ω · m;
• While T1 and T2 transmit 500 kHz electromagnetic waves, we can get
L12A and L12P;
• While T3 and T4 separately transmit 2MHz and 500kHz electromagnetic
waves, we can get H34P, H34A, L34P, L34A;
-40-
RES Curves
• 12:Long Spacing, 34:Short Spacing
• L:Low frequency (500kHz), H:High frequency (2MHz);
• A: Attenuation Resistivity, P: Phase Resistivity;
• CT: Correction BC: borehole correction.
 H12P: Phase shift associated with the long spacing transmitter antennae at 2 MHz.
 H34P: Phase shift associated with the short spacing transmitter antennae at 2
MHz.
 L12A: Amplitude attenuation associated with the long spacing transmitter
antennae at
 500 kHz.
 L34A: Amplitude attenuation associated with the short spacing transmitter
antennae at
 500 kHz.
 L12P: Phase shift associated with the long spacing transmitter antennae at 500 kHz.
 L34P: Phase shift associated with the short spacing transmitter antennae at 500
kHz.
 Ph: Phase shift
-41-
RES response
In the same formation, different curves respond different, thus the calculated
resistivity is different.
Resistivity [Ohm*m]
10
10
10
10
-10
-1
2
-8
1 ohm · m
-6
Long Spacing
-4
35”
Amplitude ratio resistivities

-2
8 ft
Short Spacing
Depth [feet]
23”
0 2
20 ohm · m
4
1 ohm · m
6
True resistivity
500kHz,35"
500kHz,23"
2MHz,35"
2MHz,23"
8
10
-42-
RES Specification
Depth of Detection of RES RES and GR Curves
GR Curve RES Curve
-43-
RES Air Calibration
• RES Air Calibration is to estimate whether the RES tool qualified or not.
• Hanging the RES tool in the air and move away the metal 5 meters
around the tool.
• The qualified data measured in this case will be stored in the RES tool as
a base data.
• This is an important step to back calculate the resistivity value.
-44-
3.11 Gamma-ray Probe

The Gamma-ray Probe is used to measure the natural gamma-ray value of the
formation. The probe has a sensor that is sensitive to gamma-ray. It will count
the photon it received and record the number. Then deliver the number to the
Directional Probe.
Gamma Measurement Theory

Photomultiplier
Counter
Light-sensitive
NaI Crystal Positive Pole
Vacuum
Light-sensitive
γ
Negative Pole
-45-
Gamma Calibration
• The count unit of the sensor is CPS(Count Per Gamma Sensor Calibration Test
Second).
• The sensors installed in each Gamma-ray Probe
are not always identical. so even in the same
condition, the numbers counted by each sensor are
always not same. E.g: 10 PCS photon project to the
sensor, the numbers output by each sensor maybe
12 PCS, 13 PCS, 9 PCS and so on.
• But in the same condition, there must be only one Gamma Ray Stick
result, and the official unit of Gamma-ray is API. So

we give each sensor a calibration coefficient and
apply it into the calculation process of gamma-ray
value. As result, the calibrated gamma value
measured by each sensor is the same. E.g each
sensor is 1.3, 1.15,1.17, all the output gamma value
is 20 API.
• Each sensor is calibrated while they are produced
and give the sole calibration coefficient.
-46-
4.Tools operation process

• Connecting all the parts well and the tools is in
the well bottom. MWD & LWD Downhole Tools Run Process
• While the mud pump start to run, the pulser Surface Pressure Sensor
Collect the mud
pressure data
begins generating alternating current (3 phase, Generate mud
pressure signal
AC,87v). Pulser 1 Generate alternating
•
current
The electric via Rectifier will be transform into Transform AC 87v
direct current(DC,+33v). This current will supply Rectifier& Driver 1
into DC 33v
Amplify the electrical
for other modules. pulse signal
• The Host of directional probe will make MWD
MWD
Main Memory Store the date
sensor, Resistivity Tool and Gamma Probe start
Control the operation
to measure the relevant data. of the Memory,
LWD
Directional, RES and
• All the dates got by those sensors are send to GR probe
Host of directional probe and then stored in the Directional Probe Measure the MWD
data
Main memory and Deputy Memory. Only part of Generate electrical
pulse signal(+5v)
these data is encoded into electrical pulse Expansion Link Transfer the data
signal(+5v) and sent to the pulser via Memory
and Driver. Resistivity Logging
Measure the RES
data
• The pulser convert the electrical pulse signal Tool
Store the date
into mud pressure signal.
• Next, the pressure signal is transferred up to Gamma-ray Probe Measure the GR data
the surface pressure sensor by mud.

-47-
4.Tools operation process

• The pressure, depth and load sensor gather the pressure, depth and load
data. Then sending the collected data to the Data Processor via cables.
• The Processor transforms the analog signal into digital signals and send
that to the Computer.
• The surface software will decode the data, and do some relative process.
• Finally, the processed data (including MWD, RES, GR data) is shown and
stored in the software.
• The parameters of well trajectory is also shown on the Driller’s Display of
the rig via Data Processor.
MWD & LWD Surface Equipment Run Process
Decode the data
Process the data Pressure Sensor Pressure Collect the mud
Record the data Cable Sensor pressure data
Display the data
Depth Sensor Depth
Collect the depth data
Cable Sensor
Notebook Data
Computer Processor
Load Sensor Hookload Collect the load data
Cable Sensor
A/D & D/A
transform
Driller’s Display Driller’s
Send Display the data
Cable Display
message
-48-
5. LWD Operation Flow Chart in the Field

Prepare the data and tools
including test the surface
equipments Assemble the BHA
Deliver the tools to the field Put pipe into the hole
Install the sensors and cables Test tool in the midway
Set the software parameters Go on putting pipe into the hole
Install the Directional Drilling tool Test tool in the well bottom
Install the LWD/MWD tool Connect the last drilling pipes
Measure the Outside Offset Pump on and drilling the hole
Install the drilling pipe The LWD/MWD tool measures

the MWD, resistivity, gamma
Test the tool in the well mouth data, send them to the surface
by mud pulse
Demarcate the depth sensor The sensors collect the signal

and send it to the software via
cable and Data Process Unit
-49-
The software decode the signal and get the data measured by the tool. The
engineers monitor the data.
The software stores the data and send the MWD data to the Driller’s Display
on the rig floor.
After finish drilling one joint pipe, re-pump on to survey the MWD data.
Do the QC of MWD data, submit Then connect Drilling Pipe to go

the survey data to the DD team on drilling until finish building
the well
Do the MD-TVD conver
Do the QC of the logging data.
Export the data and output the

PDF plots
Submit daily report
Pull off
-50-
Disassemble the tool, clean it and place it to the surface
Uninstall the sensors and cable
Dump the memory, process it, submit the memory report.
Send the tools back to the base
Handover the tools in the base
Prepare the final report draft
Send the draft to the first party

for inspection
Make the final report, and deliver Repair and maintain the tool
it to the first party
Write the Chinese final report
Hand in all the report ,files and

data to the base
Finish
-51-
Finish
-52-

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Greatwall Drilling Company

GW-LWD Structure and Working Principle

MWD（Measurement While Drilling）, is

GW-LWD（BWR）Logging While Drilling System

Surface Equipment Downhole Instruments

Surface Data Notebook Driller’s Resistivity Gamma-ray

Pressure Pressure Sensor Main Value

Hookload Load Sensor Rectifier& Driver

Surface Data Notebook Driller’s

Pressure Pressure Sensor

Hookload Load Sensor

Downhole Instrument Assembly 1 Downhole Instrument Assembly 2

Resistivity Gamma-ray Resistivity Gamma-ray

Pulser 1 Memory Pulser 2

Main Memory Main Memory

Directional Probe Directional Probe

3.Principle & Function of Each Module

The generator is to generate alternating current(3 phase,87v) and supply power

Pulser 2 & Generator

Pulser 2 & Generator Sub

3.4 Rectifier& Driver

3.4.2 Rectifier& Driver 2

3.5 Main Memory

3.6 Directional Probe

Directional Probe measurement theory

Directional Probe measurement theory

Directional Probe measurement theory

• The 3 gravity sensors separately measure the Gy

component of the gravity in 3 orientations,

Directional Probe measurement theory

Calculation of TF, Az. & Inc.

Directional Probe measurement theory

Grid North - Map North, spherical co-ordinates projected into a

• As the position of Magnetic

• The location of True North is the

• We call the angular difference

• Declination is the angle

Magnetic Declination Correction

To correct from Magnetic to True:

 West Declination：subtract “correction”

• UTM Grid Zones are 6°of

Anatomy of a UTM zone

Central Meridian assigned a value of

Equator is assigned a value of 0 m North

The zone must therefore be specified as

Grid Convergence Correction

• Grid Convergence is the angle from True North to

Total Azimuth Correction

Calculation of UTM Convergence

Tool Face Monitoring

High side Tool Face

High Side Tool Face

High Side Tool Face

Scribe line Correction

Scribe line Correction

• Magnetic Toolface is measured as an azimuth of 0 - 360 deg

• By adding each of these values together we get the orientation of

• Magnetic tool face is thus the orientation of the bend in the

Magnetic Declination = 0 deg West

MTFX =340+210=550=550-360=190 deg MTFB

3.7 Expansion Link

3.8 Communication Sub

3.9 PWD Sub

3.10 Resistivity Logging Tool