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TEM
1.2
SYS
Complex Numbers
ERB
NUM
1.3
Indices, Surds and
Logarithms
2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(a) define natural numbers , whole numbers ,
integers , prime numbers, rational numbers and
irrational numbers .
(b) represent rational and irrational numbers in
decimal form.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 3
(c) represent the relationship of number sets in a
real number system diagrammatically showing
N W Z Q Q Q
and .
(d) represent open, closed and half-open intervals
and their representations
on the number line.
(e) simplify union, and intersection, of two or
more intervals with the aid of number line.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 4
NDUCTION SET
101 – 102 = 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 5
Types of Real Number
Types of real Symbol Number set Description
number
1. N N={ 1,2,3,….} Positive numbers that are
Natural used for counting.
Numbers
Natural number that are
a) Prime { 2,3,5,7,…..} greater than one that can be
divided by itself and 1 only.
Numbers
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 6
Types of Real Number
Types of real Symbol Number set Description
number
2. Whole W W={ 0,1,2,3,….} Natural number including
numbers zero
3. Integers Z Z = {..-2,- Whole number including
1,0,1,2,3,..} their negatives
a. Positive
Integers Z+ Z+ = {1,2,3,….}
b. Negative
Integers Z- Z- = {..-3,-2,-1}
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 8
Types of Real Number
5. Irrational For an irrational number the decimal
Q representation is non-repeating.
numbers
-eg:
3 1.732050808...
e 2.71828182845...
3.14159...
6. Real R The combination of rational numbers
numbers and irrational numbers form the real
numbers system
R Q Q
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 9
Relationship of Number Sets
Q
Z W N
Q
Integer, Z
Negative Integer, Z
Whole Number, W
Zero
Positive Integer, Z Natural Number, N
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 11
Example 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2016_17 12
Example 2
Given
2 1
S = { -9, 7, 2,e, 0, 4, 0.16, , 4, ,5.1212…}
5 3
identify the set of :
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 13
Solution:
2 1
S = { -9, 7 , ,e, 0, 4, 0.16, 4, ,
2
,5.1212…}
5 3
(a) N
(b) W
(c) Z
(d) Q
(e) Q
(f) R 14
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
The Number Line
2
Real numbers such as –3.5, 3
and can be represented on
a real number line
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3.5 2
3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 15
a
n
All sets of real numbers between a and b can be
written in the form of intervals as shown below.
d
Representation on
a
n
axb
r
[a,b]
i
t
t
e
n
axb
i
(a,b)
n
t
h
e
axb
f
(a,b]
o
r
m
[a,b) axb
OPEN INTERVAL : (a,b) HALF-OPEN INTERVAL : (a,b]
CLOSED INTERVAL : [a,b]
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
[a,b)
16
Inequalities Representation on
Type of Interval
the number line
( , b) xb a b
( , b] xb a b
(a, ) xa
[a, ) xa a b
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 18
Solution
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 19
Intersection and Union of Intervals
If A = [1,6) and B = (-2,4) ; then
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 22
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 23
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 24
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 25
Relationship of Number Sets
Q Z W N
Q
NWZQR
and
RQ Q
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 26
The Number Line
Real numbers can be represented on
a real number line
• (a, b) - open interval
• [a, b] - closed interval
• [a, b) & (a, b] - half-open intervals
• [a, ∞) & (-∞, b] - half-open intervals
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
27
EXERCISE :
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 28
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(a) represent a complex number in Cartesian form.
(b) define the equality of two complex numbers.
(c) determine the conjugate of a complex number .
(d) perform algebraic operations on complex
numbers.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 29
INDUCTION SET
Look at this equation
x2 + 1 = 0
This equation does not have real roots as we cannot find the value for
x since x = 1 .
This problem was encountered by Heron Alexandra.
One hundred years later, Mahavira from India stated that a
negative value does not have square root because there is no number
that can be squared to produce it.
In 1637, Descrates of France, introduced
‘real numbers’ and ‘imaginary numbers’.
This idea was used by Euler from Switzerland who defined
imaginary numbers as real multiples of 1 in 1948.
However ‘COMPLEX NUMBER’ was introduced hundred years later
by Gauss from Germany (1832).
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 30
Complex Numbers
C
Q Z W N
Q
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 32
What is i
i 1 R
2
3
i i i 2 1 1 1 1 i
1 i i
i
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 34
Example 1
Express the following in terms of i .
(a) 4 (b) 7
9
(c) (d ) 96
4
(e) 9 8
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 35
Solution :
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 36
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 37
Basic Operation of Complex Numbers
(a) Addition/Subtraction
(i) 2 3i 4 5i 2 4 3 5 i
(ii) 10 2i 5 i 10 5 2i i
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 38
(b) Multiplication
(i) 2 3i 2 3i 4 6i 6i 9
RC
(ii)
3 2i 10 3i 30 9i 20i 6i 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 39
EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
a + bi = c + d i
eg : x yi 2 3i
x 2, y 3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 40
CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBER
z = a – bi.
The conjugate of a complex number is obtain
by changing the sign of the imaginary part.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 41
Example 2:
State the conjugate of the following
complex numbers.
(a) z 2 i,
(b)
z 3 8i ,
z 8 6i ,
(c)
(d)
z i 3,
(e) z i 4,
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 42
NOTES :
Any complex number a + bi has a complex
conjugate a - bi and
( a +bi )( a- bi ) = a2+b2 is a real number.
eg : ( 2 3i )( 2 3i ) 4 9i
2
49
13
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 44
Basic Operation of Complex Numbers
(c) Division
Example 3 : Simplify the expressions.
2 4 5 3i
a) b) c)
3i 1 10i 7 6i
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 45
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 46
Example 4
2 i
If z = 1 i , find z in the form of a + bi.
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 47
Example 5 :
Given z1 2 5i and z 2 3 2i .
Find :
z1 1
a) b) z1
z2 z2
in the form of a + bi .
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 48
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 49
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 50
Solving equations
We can also solve equations with complex
numbers:
Example 6 :
b) ( 3 i ) z 3 11 i
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 51
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 52
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 53
Example 7:
Given the complex number z a bi
and z , its conjugate satisfy the
equation zz 6i 12 2 zi find z .
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 54
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 55
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 56
Example 8 :
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 57
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
58
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 59
real the
part imaginary
Complex Number
part
x, y R z=x+yi
RC
COMPLEX NUMBERS
i 1
2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
i 1 60
EXERCISE :
1) Write the following complex numbers in the form x + yi .
x y
(a) 1 4 5
1 i 1 2i ANS : (a ) x , y
3 3
x yi 2 (b) x 4 , y 6
(b)
2 i i 3 1 i
4) Express (3 i )(1 2i ) in the form of a bi .
(1 3i ) 2
1 7
ANS : i
10 10
Tutorial questions no:3,4,5,13 KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 62
LEARNING OUTCOMES
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 63
Complex Number Geomatric
Interpretation : Argand Diagram
• A complex number can be visually represented
as a pair of numbers forming a vector on a diagram
called an Argand diagram.
If z = a + bi , the Argand diagram shown
as below Im (imaginary axis) Also can be
represented by
P(a,b) point P
b bi
+
a
z=
Re (real axis)
a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 64
Modulus And Argument of a Complex Number
Im (imaginary axis)
2 ) P (a,b)
2+
b
b √(a
│ =
│ z
Re (real axis)
0 a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 65
For z = a + bi in
in radian or
y (imaginary axis)
the first
b P(a,b) quadrant
z
0 a x (real axis)
a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 66
NOTE :
For the complex numbers which are not in
the first quadrant , first find the basic angle
b
where tan
1
a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 67
Example 1
Represent these complex numbers in
Argand diagram and calculate the modulus
and argument of each:
(a) z = 1 + i
(b) z = - 4 + i
(c) z = - 2 – 2 i
(d) z = 2 – i
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 68
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 69
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 70
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 71
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 72
Example 2
Given z 1 2 i and z 2 1 3i .
Find
a ) z 1z 2 and Arg ( z 1z 2 )
z2
b ) Arg
z1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 73
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 74
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 75
Example 3
If and , find the modulus
and argument of each of the following
(a) a + 2b
(b) 2a - b
(c) ib
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 76
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 77
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 78
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 79
A Polar Form of a Complex Number
y (imaginary axis)
A (a,b)
r b
x (real axis)
0 a
(a) z = -2 + 2i
(b) z = 3 i
( 1 i ) (2 i )
(c) z = 1 i
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 82
Solution
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 83
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 84
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 85
Example 5
( p qi )
Solve for p and q where p q such that (3 16 i 3 )
3i
Solution
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 86
2 2 b
-1
If z = a + bi , then z = a +b and θ = tan
a
b
1
If z is in the 2 quadrant :
nd
tan
a
1 b
If z is in the 3rd quadrant : tan
a
1 b
If z is in the 4th quadrant : tan
a
The polar form : z r (cos i sin )
where r = z and θ = argument of z
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 87
Quadrant 2 : -a + bi Quadrant 1 : a + bi
Im Im
b b
tan 1
tan
1
a a
b b
Re Re
a a
Quadrant 3 : -a - bi Quadrant 4 : a - bi
Im
Im
a
Re a
Re
b b
tan 1
b
a b tan 1
a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 88
EXERCISE :
1) Find the polar form of complex number below:
a a a
........ a a n
n factors of a
a = base a to the
n = exponent or power or index power
of n
an = an exponentialKMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
expression 91
Definition 2
m
m
a n n
a a n m
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 93
NOTE
(a) a 1
0
n 1
(b) a n
a
1
(c ) a a
n n
m
(d ) a a ( a )
n n m
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
n m
94
mn
1. a a a
m n
4. n
(ab) a b n n
m
2. a mn
n
a a
n
a n
a 5. n
b b
3. a
m n
a mn
,b 0
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 95
Example 1
3 1
1 2 1 11 2
c) d)
25 25
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 96
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 97
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 98
Example 2
(a) 3 3
5 6
(b)
18 x y 2 5
4
34 3x y
n2
2 3 9 n
(c)(3m ) 4m
2 3
(d)
n
27
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 99
Solution:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 100
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 101
What is a SURD?
n
a
Irrational numbers which are SURD: 2, 3
7, 5
Irrational numbers which are NOT SURD: ,e
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
102
Is 9 known
as a surd ?
n
No, because 3 is
a not an irrational
number.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 103
RULES OF SURD
1. a b ab
a a
2.
b b
3. a b c b a c b
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 104
CAUTION
a b ab
2 5 2 5 10
2 5 (2)( 5) 10
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
2 5 2 i 5 i
10 i 10
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_182 105
CAUTION
ab a b
b
2 2 2
a b a
Note : a b a b a b
2
a ab ab b
a b 2 ab
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 106
DEFINITION 1
Surd conjugate of a b is a b
a b a b
a a b a b b a b
a b a b a b a bQ
R Q Q
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
107
EXAMPLE 3
Simplify 3 2 2 3 2
SOLUTION
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 108
EXAMPLE 4
b. 6 7 2 7
c . 5 3 27
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 109
SOLUTION
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 110
RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
When square roots occur in quotients, it is
customary to rewrite the quotient so that the
denominator contains no square roots.
In rationalising the denominator of a quotient,
be sure to multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by the same expression.
a numerator
b deno min ator
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 111
RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
IF DENOMINATOR TO OBTAIN
CONTAINS THE MULTIPLY BY DENOMINATOR FREE
FACTOR FROM SURDS
3 3 3 3 2
3 1 3 1 3 1 2
2
2
23 23 2 3 7
2
2
5 3 5 3 5 3 2
2 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 112
a b a b
a b a b
These expressions
are conjugates of
ab a b
one another
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 114
SOLUTION
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 115
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 116
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 117
Definition
(a) For all a R and n Z (positive integer), a n
a = base
n = exponent or power or index
an = an exponential expression
a to the
power
of n
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 118
(b) For all a R and n Z ,
a n 1 ,n0
a a.a.a.....a , n 0
n
1
n
a n
a
(a ) 32 5
(b) 125 (c) (d ) (0.2)
3 3
9
1 1
ANS : (a ) 2 (b) (c) 1 (d ) 125
625 3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 121
3. Simplify each of the following .
5 7
r r
2 2
(a) 1
r 2
(b) 5 10 20 2
n 1 n 2n 3n
ANS : (a ) r (1 r ) (b) 5
2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 122
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 123
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(c) state the laws of logarithms such as
• loga MN = loga M + loga N,
M
• loga N = loga M - loga N and
• loga MN = N loga M
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 124
Definition:
If a, n R+ and n = a x, then log a n = x
where a 0.
logarithm”
log 10 n = log n
ln e = 1 & log 10 = 1
log a n
a n
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 126
Index Logarithm
100 10 2
log 10 100 2
y5 x
log 5 y x
1 log b a 1
a
b
m
log 5 n
m 2(5 ) n
2
ye 3x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
ln y 3 x 127
NOTES 2 8 log 2 8 3
3
3 1 1
2 log 2 3
8 8
2 3 log 2 (3) x
x
because 2 0
x
If a, M, N R+ and p R, then
a) log a MN log a M log a N
b)
p
c) log a M p log a M
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 129
(a) log a MN log a M log a N
M x y
a
N
M
log a x y
N
M
log a logaM - logaN
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
N 131
p
(c) log a M p log a M
Let logaM = x
Then M = ax
Mp = (ax)p
Mp = apx
logaMp = px
logaMp = p logaM
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 132
CAUTION!
(log a M ) p log a M
p
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 133
Example 1
Simplify the following logarithm:
1
a) log 16 log 32
2
c) log 81 log 2 32
d)
log 9 log 2 4
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 134
Solution
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 135
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 136
A general formula for changing
from base a to base b
log b M
log a M
log b a
x log b a
log b M
x
log b a
log b M
log a M
log b a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 138
If M=b, then
log b b
log a b
log b a
1
log a b
log b a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 139
Example 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 140
Solution
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 141
Example 3
Given that log 2 0.301and log 7 0.8451
Evaluate:
a) log 2 7
b) log 2 28
c) log 7 98
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 142
Solution
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
143
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 144
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 145
Laws of logarithm
If a, M, N R+ and p R, then
log b M
a) log a MN log a M log a N log a M
log b a
If b=M, then
1
log a M
c) log a M p log a M
p log b a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
146
EXERCISE :
1) Without using calculator, simplify log 2 log3 81 .
ANS : 4
z xy
1 1
Ans : (a ) log x log y log z
2 2
(b) log x log y
(c) 2 log x 3 log y
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 147
3) Simplify the following.
1
(a ) log16 log 2
2
1
(b) log 64 2 log 4 log 18
2
3 3 3
log 81
(c )
log 9
ANS : (a ) log 2 (b) 2 (c) 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 148