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2 2 2
( x
2
y
2
z
2
) C
L
2
2mL
3/ 2 l ( )
mkBT e
N V 2
2
l 1 l 3/ 2
More Theory
3/ 2
mkBTc
N V 2
2
l 3 / 2
l 1
But what happens now if I let at this temperature the density n V of the
substance increase(e.g., by isothermal compression) to even higher
values?
I claim that in this case a number of molecules which always grows with
the total density makes a transition to the 1. quantum state (state
without kinetic energy)… … The claim thus asserts that something
similar happens as when isothermally compressing a vapor beyond the
volume of saturation. A separation occurs; a part “condenses”, the rest
remains a “saturated ideal gas”. (Einstein, 1925).
Two more useful results
N l 3 / 2
2.612...
The order of the de Broglie
wavelenght is the same as
l 1
V (Tc ) 3
(Tc )3 the volume ocupied by the
ensemble
2 2
2M R Vtrap ( R) NVint ( R) ( R) EN ( R)
2
Achievements
• 1938 – Pyotr Kapitsa John Allen and Don Misener: Helium 4
YES
Michael Chapman
All Optical BEC
Current Research
• BEC achieved in several atoms.
• Strange Properties:
– Superfluidity
– Slowing of light
• Wave-like phenomena in atoms.
– Interference between two condensates.
• Atom Laser
– Coherent Matter Waves