ANNA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

11TH to 23rd JUNE 2007

UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION

ME1403 COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING

 WHAT is …… ???
CAD-Computer aided design. The use of computer methods to develop
the geometric model of the product in three-dimensional form, such that
the geometric and manufacturing requirements can be examined.

CAM-Computer aided manufacturing. Generally refers to the computer

software used to develop the Computer Numerical Control part
programs for machining and other processing applications.

CAD/ CAM – CAD/CAM is the integration of the Design and

Manufacturing activities by means of computer systems.

CIM – Computer integrated manufacturing includes all of the

engineering functions of CAD/CAM, but it also includes the firms
business functions that are related to manufacturing.
The Scope of CAD / CAM and CIM
Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Computer-integrated manufacturing
(CIM) is a method of manufacturing in which
the entire production process is controlled by
computer.

CIM relies on closed-loop control processes,

based on real-time input from sensors.

CIM is also known as flexible design and

manufacturing.
 COMPUTERS
IN MANUFACTURING
ENVIRONMENT
 The Meaning and Scope of CIM

"The term computer-integrated

manufacturing does not mean an automated factory. "
-Joseph Harrington

"CIM is an amorphous beast. It will

be different in every company.

-Leo Roth Klein, Manufacturing Control Systems, Inc.

EVOLUTION OF CIM
 EVOLUTION OF CIM

CIM has been evolving since the mid-1970s;

however, until 1980 it was merely a concept.

The 1980s, especially the second half, saw CIM expand into a
technology.

By now, industry has realized that

CIM is a necessity rather than a luxury.
 EVOLUTION OF CIM

Primary factors that have led to the development of the CIM concept
and associated technologies include
1. Development of numerical control (NC)

2. The advent and cost-effectiveness of computers.

3. Manufacturing challenges, such as global

competition, high labor cost, regulations,
product liability, and demand for quality
products.

4. The capability-to-cost attractiveness of Microcomputers.

CIM WHEEL
PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED
MANUFACTURING
PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED
MANUFACTURING
 MANUFACTURING
ENTERPRISE

"CIM is the integration of total manufacturing enterprise by

using integrated systems and data communication coupled
with new managerial philosophies that improve organizational
and personnel efficiency."
-Society of Manufacturing Engineers
PLANNING…WHY ??

NEED
&
IMPORTANCE
 PLANNING LEVELS

 Disaggregate Planning –
0 to 2 months,
 Aggregate Planning -
More than2 – 18 months
 Strategic planning –
Over 18 Months – N months
THE ENTERPRISE AREAS
 MANUFACTURING
ENTERPRISE WHEEL
 CIM -
Vs
Manufacturing Methodologies

Three components distinguish CIM from

other manufacturing methodologies:

*Means for data storage, retrieval, manipulation and

presentation;

*Mechanisms for sensing state and modifying processes;

*Algorithms for uniting the data processing component with

the sensor/modification component.
 Bottom Line ???

"CIM is the integration of total manufacturing enterprise by

using integrated systems and data communication coupled
with new managerial philosophies that improve organizational
and personnel efficiency."
 CIM –SUB SYSTEMS

CAD/CAM (Computer-aided design/

Computer-aided manufacturing)
CAPP, (Computer-aided process planning)
ERP (Enterprise resource planning)
CNC (computer numerical control) machine tools
DNC, direct numerical control machine tools
FMS, flexible machining systems
ASRS, automated storage and retrieval systems
AGV, automated guided vehicles
Robotics
 Automated Conveyance System
A business system integrated by a common database

Automated conveyance systems

Project management software|computerized
scheduling and production control
CAQ (Computer-aided quality assurance)
A business system integrated by a common
database
 CHALLENGES

TO DEVELOPMENT OF A

CIM OPERATION
 OBSTACLES
TO CIM IMPLEMENTATION
EXTERNAL CHALLENGES
CHALLENGES TO DEVELOPMENT OF A CIM OPERATION

Challenge-1

Integration of components from different

suppliers

•''' When different machines, such as CNC

machines, conveyors and robots, are supplied
from different companies, integrating them
together can be quite complex. They may use
different communications protocols. In the case
of AGVs, even differing lengths of time for
charging the batteries may cause problems.
 CHALLENGE - 2

'''Data integrity:'''
The higher the degree of automation, the more
critical is the integrity of the data used to control
the machines. While the CIM system saves on
labor of operating the machines, it requires extra
human labor in ensuring that there are proper
safeguards for the data signals that are used to
control the machines.
 CHALLENGE -3

'''Process control'''
•Computers may be used to ''assist'' the human
operators of the manufacturing facility, but there
must always be a competent engineer on hand to
handle circumstances which could not be
foreseen by the designers of the control
software.
 CHANGING

MANUFACTURING

AND

MANAGEMENT SCENE
CHANGING MANUFACTURING AND
MANAGEMENT SCENE

Automation and control

technologies.
Material handling
technologies.
 Manufacturing systems.
Quality control systems.
Manufacturing support
systems.
 Automation and control technologies

•Industrial computer control,

•Control system components,

• Numerical control,

•Industrial robotics,

•Programmable logic controllers.

Material handling technologies

• Conveyor systems,

• Automated guided vehicle systems,

• Automated storage systems,

• Automatic identification and data

capture.
 Manufacturing systems

 Single station cells,

 Group technology,

 Flexible manufacturing systems,

 Assembly lines, transfer lines

 Quality control systems

 Statistical process control,

 inspection principles and technologies

 Manufacturing Support Systems

•CAD/CAM,
•Process planning,
•Production planning,
•Production planning and control,
•Lean production and agile manufacturing.
Importance of CIM –Survey Report
CIM Benefits –Survey Report
 Communication System.

ME1403 COMPUTER
INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING
ME1403 COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING

•External communication
•Islands of automation and
software
•Dedicated and open systems
• Manufacturing automation
protocol
The New "M“ & Communication

 Manufacturing was thought to require four basic inputs-man,

machine, material, and money. These inputs have classically
been known as the four "M’s" of production.

 Today, another input-data, or information-has become critical.

We can call the new input “Message" so that it be­comes the
fifth "M" of production.

 Messages are either stationary or mobile. The stationary data

are stored in databases. The fundamentals relating to the
mobility of data, is, communication.
Success

Blinks..

????
 COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

 CIM requires that the engineering and

manufacturing information be communicated to
proper points within the operation.

 All the data and information that flow

through the CIM enterprise are generated,
acquired, or collected prior to their storage in
databases. From there they are retrieved
whenever needed.
 CIM requires that the engineering and
manufacturing information be communicated to
proper points within the operation.
Take Care.

 
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

 Communication of digital Signals between CNC

machine tools and Other equipment in Manufacturing
Systems is Very important for Running the operations
smoothly.

 Serial and parallel communications are the most

common methods employed in computing equipment.

 Serial communication is used by CNC machine tools

because of its ability to communicate over long
distances and linking with dissimilar equipment.
 CONCEPTUAL COMPONENTS

CIM requires that the engineering and manufacturing information be communicated to

proper points within the operation.

All the data and information that flow through the CIM enterprise are generated,
acquired, or collected prior to their storage in databases. From there they are
retrieved whenever needed.

 Communications comprises three conceptual components :

 Representation of data,
 The medium (through which data flow), and
 Networking (of the devices).
THREE FAMILIES OF COMMUNICATORS
UNDER CIM

COMPUTERS MACHINES /PROCESSES

(C) (M)

PERSONNEL
(P)
DATA FLOW FROM ENGINEERING TO SHOP
FLOOR VIA MANUFACTURING
 MOBILE DATA
Mobile data are either
 
•(a)           Commands that instruct the recipient-machine, operator, or material
handling system such as an automated guided vehicle (AGV); or

•(b)          Reports from-the sources to the central computer or upper management.

 
•(c)           Commands flow downstream to lower levels, whereas reports travel
upstream in the reverse direction.
 
•(d)            In a hierarchical system, the communicating pairs are connected bi-
directional as downlinks for downstream messages and as uplinks for upstream
messages.
 
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
ELEMENTS OF LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CABLE
( CABLING)
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 Limitations & Remedies

 A lack of standardization among the devices used in

manufacturing has been the biggest stumbling block to
the proliferation of CIM.

 This limitation is being addressed under the Manufacturing

Automation Protocol (MAP) and also through de­velopments in
local area networks (LANs).

 Both MAP and LAN, as well as the International Standards

Organization's (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Communication Between Computing Devices
( Serial and Parallel transmission)

LSB – Least Significant. Bit.

MSB – Most Significant. Bit
 COMMUNICATION LINE
( Point to Point connection between two devices)
COMMUNICATION LINE
(Star Configuration)
COMMUNICATION NEEDS OF CIM
( Matrix – 3 x 3 Combinations)
 Source – Sink Matrix

  The informational needs of manufacturing represented by a three-by-

three source-sink matrix.
 (a)    Person-to-person (P-P)
 (b)    Computer-to-computer (C-C)
 (c)    Machine-to-machine (M-M)
 (d)    Person-to-computer or computer-to-person (P-C and C-P)
 (e)    Person-to-machine or machine-to-person (P-M and M-P)
 (f)  Computer-to-machine or machine-to-computer (C-M and M-C)
DNC Control Operation
DNC Operation
Enhanced DNC Operation Linking the
Tool and Work Preparation areas with
CNC Machine Tools
 ISO -OPEN SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION ( ISO –OSI)
Open System Interconnection
Model Seven Layers
Why layered structure ?

 A layered structure is desirable for several

reasons.such a structure facilitates
modification in one layer without affecting the
others.
 OSI Layer Characteristics
 PROTOCOL:The protocol comprises the set of rules
for operating a data Communication system.
 SYNTAX : The syntax of information in a protocol is
analogous to the language used in person to person
communications.
 SEMANTICS: The Semantics of a protocol is like the
rules that determine when and how people say certain
things.In Conversation, for example the answering
party’s response is hello or Hi – not Bye , Which is
reserved to signal the end of conversation.
 PHYSICAL LAYER - 1
 Level one is the physical layer. It defines the physical
connection between the computer and network
communication system.
 The connection includes cables,connectors,modulation
equipment and specifies the frequencies and voltages
of connectors.
 The Bandwidth of the cable transmission and the
physical layout (topology) are defined in this layer.
 DATA LINK LAYER -2

 Level 2 defines how the data is to be packaged

when it is sent between physical connection.
 This layer defines the network access control
mechanism.
 NETWORK LAYER - 3

 This layer defines switching and routing

information between network and how packets
of data are exchanged between different
LAN s.
 TRANSPORT LAYER -4

 The transport layer defines network addressing

and the way in which connection between
networks can be linked or Unlinked.
 SESSION LAYER -5

The primary function of this layer is to define

an application interface to the transport
layer.this layer maps names to network
addresses so that applications can use names
to communicate with devices.
 PRESENTATION LAYER - 6

 This layer defines the translation formats from

an application to the network and the manner
in which software applications enter the
network.
Hand Shaking Methods Between
Communicating Devices
 APPLICATION LAYER - 7

 This layer contains several programs that

define the network applications that support file
serving.
Communication Between different
Applications
Computing Environment
NETWORK STANDARDS
 NETWORK STANDARDS

 DECNET –Trade mark of digital equipment

corporation.
 SNA – System network architecture.
 MAP –Manufacturing Automation protocol.
 TOP –Technical office protocol.
REFERENCE MODEL FOR OPEN SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION ( OSI)
MAP Application of the OSI
Reference Model
 MAP Installation Linking the FMS with that of the
Other Information systems

MRP-Material Req Planning. BR- Bridge. FMT –FMS Terminal TS – Terminal Server. .FMS DB –FMS Database .
MHS –Material Handling System .
AS/RS-Automatic Storage and retrieval System. L / UL – Load / Unload
MAP
Pin / Circuit Description
Pin / Circuit Description
 Computer Integrated
Manufacturing
HARDWARE
&
SOFTWARE

ME1403 COMPUTER
INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING
 CIM HARDWARE
 Manufacturing equipment such as CNC machines or computerized Workcentres.
 Robotic work cells.
 DNC / FMS Systems.
 Work handling and Tool handling devices
 Storage devices
 Sensors
 Shop Floor data collection devices
 Inspection machines etc..
 Computers,
 Controllers,
 CAD / CAM Systems,
 Workstations / terminals,
 Data entry terminals.
 Bar Code readers, Printers, plotters
 Modems,Cables, Connectors etc..
 CIM Software & Functions
 Management Information Systems.
 Sales.
 Marketing.
 Finance.
 Database management.
 Modeling and Design.
 Analysis.
 Simulation.
 Communications.
 Monitoring.
 Production Control
 CIM Software & Functions
 Manufacturing area and control.
 Job tracking.
 Inventory Control.
 Shop floor data Collection.
 Order entry.
 Material handling.
 Device Drivers
 Process planning.
 Work Flow automation.
 Business Process Engineering.
 Network Management.
 Quality Management.
 CIM SOFTWARE

PROCESS PLANNING SOFTWARE

What is Process planning?

Process planning is concerned with

determining the sequence of individual
manufacturing operations needed to produce a
given part or product.
 The resulting operation sequence is
documented on a form typically referred to
as operation sheet.
AUTOMATED PROCESS PLANNING

The Automated process planning

provides the opportunity to
generate production routings which
are rational,consistent and perhaps
even optimal.
 Structure of a Process planning
Software

 The modules are not necessarily arranged in

the proper sequence but can be based on
importance or decision sequence.
 EACH MODULE MAY REQUIRE EXECUTION
SEVERAL TIMES IN ORDER
PRODUCTION PLANNING.
 Production planning

 Production planning is one of the key functions

in modern industries. Although other functions
may be optimized, the success of a
manufacturing company relies heavily on
the performance of production decisions.
 Manufacturing System -
SUCCESS ???
 The ability of making the right product at the right time
and at the lowest possible cost, still remains the key to
success for a manufacturing company.

 Production Planning and Scheduling are among the

key functions allowing a manufacturing company to
meet such an objective.
 
 MARKETING ENGINEERING

"…marketing can now exhibit its scientific muscle and

move from opinions-based decision-making to data
based decision making. Marketing Engineering will
spawn a new discipline within marketing.“

Prof. Philip Kotler, Northwestern University

 Marketing Engineering
 Marketing Engineering is computer assisted marketing
analysis and planning .
 Several forces are transforming the nature, scope, and
structure of the marketing profession.
 Marketers are seeing increasingly faster changes in the
marketplace and are barraged with an ever increasing
amount of information.
 Many view traditional marketing as art and some view it
as science, the New marketing increasingly looks like
Engineering.
 
Marketing Engineering :Steps
MARKETING MANAGEMENT
TOOLS
MARKETING ENGINEERING
MODEL & FACTORS
Marketing Engineering - Demand
Marketing Engineering - Demand
Questions ???
BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
 Management -Definition

 “Management is guiding human and physical

resources in to dynamic organizational units
which attain their objectives to the satisfaction
of those served and with a high degree of
morale and sense of attainment on the part of
those rendering service”.
-American Management Association.
Business Management
Components Of Business
Management
 PLANNING

“ Planning is deciding in advance what is to be

done.It involves the selection of objectives,
policies,procedures,And programmes from among
alternatives” -M.E.Hurley
 Nature and characteristics of
planning
 Planning is Goal oriented.
 Planning is a primary function.
 Planning is all-perspective.
 Planning is an intellectual process.
 Planning is a continuous process.
 Planning is is forward -looking.
 Planning involves choice.
 Planning is an integrated process.
 Planning is directed towards efficiency.
 ORGANISING

 “ The Grouping of activities necessary to attain

objectives , the assigning of each grouping to
managers with authority to supervise,and
provision for co ordination horizontally and
vertically in the enterprise structure”
-Koontz
 Elements of Organization
 Common purpose.
 Division of Labor.
 Authority structure.
 People.
 Communication.
 Coordination.
 Environment.
 Rules and regulation.
ADMINISTRATION ,MANAGEMENT &
ORGANISATION

 Administration pre-determines the specific goals and lays

down the broad policies within which these goals are to be
attained.
ADMINISTRATION IS A DETERMINATIVE FUNCTION
 Management is an executive function, which is mainly
concerned with carrying out the broad policies laid down by
the administration.

 Organization is the machinery through which the co-

ordination is established between the administration and
management.
 STAFFING

 Staffing is a process of matching the jobs with individuals.After

organizing the total activities to be done, management is in a
position to know the man power requirements of the company at
different levels of organization.
 DIRECTING

Directing is providing all guidance and

inspiration to the people at work to carry out
their assigned duties and responsibilities

DIRECTING IS MANAGEMENT IN ACTION

 DIRECTION FUNCTION

DIRECTING FUNCTION

Supervision Leadership Motivation Communication Co-ordination

 CONTROLLING
 “ Control consists in verifying whether everything
occurs in conformity with the plan adopted,instructions
issued and the principles established.” -Henry fayol
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
 FINANCE FUNCTION
 The finance function in a business as simply the task of providing
funds needed by the enterprise on terms that are most favorable
in the lights of the objectives.

 Finance is concerned with cash, and that since nearly every

business transaction involves cash directly or indirectly.

 Finance function as procurement of funds and their effective

utilization in the business.
 Guess ???????…

 Who takes care of finance function in

business?
 Financial Manager / + ??
 The financial officer in a company is known as controller or
treasurer.

 It is customary for the treasurer /Controller to perform financial

functions of some kind,important aspects of financial management
are often handled outside his/her office.

 In a company basic financial decisions are made by managing

director / agent of the company , in another by a committee of the
board of directors, in another by the financial controller or
treasurer.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCE FUNCTION

 Executive Finance function:

-Requires administrative skill in
planning and execution.
 Incidental finance function:
-Covers routine work,chiefly
clerical,that is necessary to carry in to effect
financial decisions at the executive level.
 Executive Finance Function

1. Establishing asset management policies.

2. Determining the allocation of net profits.
3. Establishing and controlling cash flows and
requirements.
4. Deciding upon needs and sources of new outside
financing.
5. Carrying on negotiations for new outside financing.
6. Checking upon financial performance.
Thank you.