Electromagnetic (EM) Fields

• EM fields generated naturally:

solar radiation, lightning
• EM fields generated by man:
radio stations, cell phones, power lines
eg.: Wireless communications : voice and
data information transmitted and received
via antennas and high-frequency
electronics, components requiring
knowledge of EM to design and
understand.

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 1

 Electromagnetics
• Electromagnetics (EM) is a branch of physics or
electrical engineering in which electric and
magnetic phenomena are studied.
• EM principles find applications in many
disciplines such as microwaves, antennas,
satellite communications, electric machines,
bioelectromagnetics, plasmas, nuclear research,
and etc.

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 2

 EM Devices
• Transformers
• Cell phones
• Transmission Lines
• Antenna
• Radar
• Radio/TV
• Electric motors
• Waveguide
• Optical fibers
• Laser

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 3

 In Electromagnetics, you’re
working on:
• D = electric flux density
• B = magnetic flux density
• E = electric field intensity
• H = magnetic field intensity
• v = volume charge density
• J = current density

These are macroscopic physical quantities!!!

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 4

 History
• 1835 Carl Friedrich Gauss (German) relates the
electric flux flowing through an enclosed
surface to the enclosed electric charge.
• 1831 Michael Faraday (English) discovers that
charging magnetic flux can induce an
electromotive force.
• 1820 Andre-Marie Ampere (French) notes that
parallel currents in wires attract each other
and opposite currents repel.

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 5

 Maxwell’s Equations For Static EM Fields
• The subject of electromagnetic phenomena can
be summarized in four simple equations, the
Maxwell’s equations.
(Vector Analysis) (Vector Analysis)
Divergence

Differential Form Integral Form Remarks

  D  v Gauss’s Law
 D  dS   dv
s v
v

B  0
 B  dS  0
s
Gauss’s Law for magnetic
fields

E  0
 E  dl  0 Conservativeness of
Curl

L
electrostatic field

 H  J
 H  dl  J  dS
L s
Ampere’s law

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 6

 Field Representation
• The electric and magnetic fields have both the
magnitude and direction. They are vectors!
E H

Measured from
Measured from
a point in space
a point in space
• Vector Analysis is a mathematical tool with
which EM concepts (fields) are most
conveniently expressed and best comprehend.

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 7

 Vector Analysis
We will go thru the following topics:
• Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar and Vector Fields
• Unit Vector
• Vector in Cartesian Coordinates
• Vector Addition and Subtraction
• Position and Distance Vectors
• Vector Multiplication
• Vector Components
UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 8
 Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar - magnitude
– Examples: time, mass, distance,
temperature, electric potential

• Vector - both magnitude and direction

– Examples: velocity, force, displacement,
electric field intensity

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 9

 Field
• Field = a function that specifies a particular
quantity everywhere in a region.
• Quantity : Scalar / Vector
– Scalar fields : Temperature distribution, sound
intensity in a theater, electric potential in a region,
refractive index
– Vector fields : Gravitational force, velocity of
raindrops

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 10

 Unit Vector
aA A vector in space can
A be simply defined as:

A=AaA

• A unit vector aA along A is defined as a vector whose

magnitude is unity and its direction is along A.
• A vector A = AaA
• For a unit vector:
A A
aA   aA  1
A A
UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 11
 Vector Representation
z
aA az aA
A
A
ay
y
ax

x
However, it is more scientific to represent
a vector by placing it in a coordinate system:
A = AaA= Axax + Ayay + Azaz
UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 12
 Vector Representation in Cartesian
Coordinates
• In Cartesian coordinates
– Vector A may be represented as
A (Ax, Ay, Az) or A = Axax + Ayay + Azaz
where Ax, Ay and Az are the components of
A in the x, y and z directions; ax, ay, and
az are unit vectors in the x, y, and z
directions.

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 13

 A (Ax, Ay, Az), A = Axax + Ayay + Azaz

• Magnitude of vector A
A 2
Ax  2
Ay  2
Az
z
z
A
az ay Azaz
ax Axax
y y
Ayay
x x
UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 14
 aA : Unit vector along A
• For vector A (Ax, Ay, Az), the unit vector
along A is

Axa x  A ya y  Aza z
aA 
A x2  A y2  A z2

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 15

Vector Addition and Subtraction
• Two vectors A and B can be added
together to give another vector C:
C=A+B
• Given
A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz)
then
C = (Ax+Bx) ax + (Ay+By) ay + (Az+Bz) az
UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 16
 Vector Addition C = A + B
• Parallelogram rule: • Head-to-tail rule:

C B
A
A
C

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 17

 Vector Subtraction D = A - B
• Given
A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz)
then
D = A – B = A + (-B)
= (Ax- Bx)ax + (Ay- By)ay + (Az- Bz)az

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 18

 Vector Subtraction D = A - B
• Parallelogram rule: • Head-to-tail rule:
-B
D
A
D A
-B B

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 19

 Laws for Addition (Subtraction)
• Three basic laws of algebra obeyed by any
given vectors A, B, and C are summarized as:
Law Addition
Commutative A+B=B+A
Associative A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
Distributive k(A + B) = kA + kB
where k is a scalar

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 20

 Laws for Multiplication
• Multiplication of vector with a scalar

Law Multiplication
Commutative kA = Ak
Associative k(lA) = (kl)A
where k and l is a scalar

UEEA2263 Introductory Electromagnetics 21