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CHAPTER 8:

REINFORCED CONCRETE
By: Dacudao, Wong, Rivas, Matuguinas, Abrau, Bermejo
Column
Column

 The term column is loosely used in a general


sense for any support like post or a pier. The chief
purpose of column is to support a beam or girder,
floor or roof and also an arch. Most columns are
free standing while some are integrated. That is,
part of the column was embedded in a wall.
Reinforcement concrete columns are
classified into two:

Short Column Long Column

 Is when the unsupported  Is when the unsupported


height of the column is height of the column is
not greater thatn ten more than ten times the
times the shortest lateral shortest lateral dimension
dimension of the cross of the cross section.
section.
 The importance of knowing if the column is
short or long is a basic requirement in
determining the slenderness or stiffness
ratio of the column. This is where the
Engineer start his structural design. Column
is classified according to the types of
reinforcement used.
Tied Column
Spiral Column
Composite

Combined Lally Column


The Cross Section of a Column is either:

 1.) Square
 2.) Rectangular
 3.) Circular
 4.) Elliptical
 5.) Octagonal or any geometrical form
Tied Column

 Tiedcolumn has reinforcement consisting


of vertical or longitudinal bars held in
position by lateral reinforcement called
lateral ties. The vertical reinforcement
consists of at least 4 bars with a minimum
diameter of 16 mm or number 5 steel bars.
Bundled Bars in a Column
 Difficulties have been experienced in placing fresh concrete inside the form
congested with steel bars. A column that is heavily loaded with reinforcement
has this serious problem when large number of steel bars are positioned and
held individually by lateral ties.
Failure of Tied Column
 The failure of a tied column is by crushing and shearing outward along an
inclined plane where vertical bars fail by buckling outward between lateral
ties.
METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTING TIED
COLUMN
 1.Block laying of walls after concreting the
column.
 2.Concreting of the tied column after
block laying.
 3.
Simultaneous concreting of columns and
walls.
Block laying after
concreting the tied
column
1. Install the scaffolding that will support the column reinforcement and
its form.
2. Transfer the markings and reference point of the building plan from
the batter board to the upper and lower members of the scaffolding.
3. If the concreting of columns and footings will be at the same time, the
assembled tied column reinforcement is directly installed on the footing
slab reinforcement.
4. provide a temporary horizontal wood brace across the column
reinforcement on top and lower portion of the scaffolding to hold the
bars into its vertical position.
5. See to it that the vertical positions of the column reinforcements are
aligned to both front and side directions.
6. Install first the narrower side of the forms in opposite direction to its
vertical position to be covered later by the wider forms.
7. Do not cover the form until after the following accessories
have been verified from the plan and installed if there is:

A. Downspout
B. Electrical conduits and utility boxes
C. Standpipe or fire hydrant
D. Plumbing soil pipes and water supply line
E. Telephone lines
F. Burglar alarm line
G. Intercom and door bell lines
H. Steel dowels for walls and partitions, etc.
8. Have the work inspected by an authorized
inspector of the owner.
9. Before covering the form, see to it that the wider
cover is provided with charcoal line mark and 2
inches nail fastened as a guide to assure that the
column size is ascertain in fixing the form to its
vertical position.
10. Verify if the form is provided with window
opening for pouring of concrete at lower elevation.
Concreting of column after block laying
of walls

 Thistype of construction is very common.


The wall footing and the column
foundations were worked out and
concreted ahead, with the vertical
reinforcement installed to their designed
position, followed by installing the masonry
blocks then the concreting of the columns.
Methods of construction
 1. After excavation, guide posts for block laying are installed about
the corner aligned with the wall.
 2. The column footings are prepared and concreted with the tied
column reinforcement installed on it.
 3. Installation of masonry blocks is done simultaneously with the wall
footing.
 4. After the masonry block laying, column forms are mounted and
secured with braces or tie wire after all accessories like downspout,
electrical conduits, telephone lines, plumbing and water supply lines
are installed.
 5. Prior to the closing of forms and pouring of concrete, the inside
space of the forms were cleared with dirt, sawdust, debris and
washed thoroughly with water, then grouted before pouring fresh
concrete.
Simultaneous concreting of columns and
walls
 This could only be made possible if the concrete
mixture for both the walls and the columns are of
the same mixture. To the contrary, if the concrete
proportion of columns differ from that of the
walls, one structure must be poured ahead of the
other using each specified mixture proportions.
Spiral Column
 Spiral
column is the term given to a circular
concrete core with vertical or longitudinal
bars enclosed by spirals.
Composite, Combined
and Lally Column
 Composite column is another type of column where
structural steel is embedded into the concrete core of a
spiral column.
 Combined column is a column with structural steel
encased in concrete of at least 7 centimeters thick
reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a
distance of 3 centimeters inside the outer surface of the
concrete covering.
 Lally column is a fabricated post made of steel pipe
provided with a plain flat steel bar or plate which hold a
girder, beam or girt.
Material and Structure
Relationship
 Building structure has to be distinguished
from building materials. Although the
quality and durability of the material is a
prime consideration, material in its original
form as a unit has nothing to do with the
strength or participation in supporting load
or resisting forces unless utilized as a part
of the structure.
Kinds of stresses that may act on the
structure
1. Compressive stresses
2. Tensile (tension) stresses
3. Shear and strain
4. Torsion stress and strain

Stresses on structures are usually brought about by load or force classified


into three categories:
1. Live load
2. Dead load
3. Environmental load
Definition of Terms
 Live load – Refers to the occupancy load that is either partially or fully in place or
may not be present at all.
 Dead load – is a load or loads that are distributed or concentrated and are fixed in
position throughout the lifetime of the structure such as the weight of the
structure itself.
 Environmental load – Consist of wind pressure and suctions, earthquake, rainwater
on flat roof, flood, snow, and forces caused by environmental differentials.
 Shear – is the effect of external forces that acts upon the structure causing the
adjacent sections of a member to slip from each other.
 Strength – is the cohesive power of the material that resists an attempt to pull it
apart in the direction of its fiber.
 Ultimate strength – is the maximum unit of stress developed at any time before
rupture.
 Moment – is a tendency of a force to cause rotrations about a certain point of axis.
 Strain – is a kind of altercation or deformation produced by the stresses.
 Stress – is an internal action set up between the adjacent molecule of the body
when acted upon by forces or combination of forces that produces strain. Stress
refers to the pressure of load, weight and some other adverse forces or influences.
Reinforced Concrete
Floor System
A floor system of a building refers to the
beam, girder, and floor slab. The floor slab
carries both live and dead load.
Beam and Girder
 Beam is the structural member supporting the
transverse load with each end resting on a
support.
1. Simple beam
2. Continuous beam
3. Semi-continuous beam
 Simple beam is sometimes called simply supported beam.
 Continuous beam is a term applied to a beam that rest on
more than two supports.
 Semi-continuous beam refers to a beam with two span
with or without restraint at the two extreme ends.
 Cantilever beam is supported on one end and the other
end projecting beyond the support or wall.
 T-beam – When the floor slab and beams are poured with
concrete simultaneously to produce a monolithic structure
where the portion of the slab at both sides of the beam
serves as flanges of the T-beam.
Behaviour of beam under the influence
of load

A homogenous concrete beam even if free


from carrying live or concentrated load has
to carry its own weight classified as
distributed load.
Bending Moment

 Bendingmoment is the tendency of a force


to cause rotation about a certain point of
axis
The Compression and Tension Beam

 The neutral axis is the horizontal line


divides the upper and the lower portion of
the beam.
 Bend up Reinforcing bars – Reinforcing bars are
bent up on or near the inflection points extended
to the top of the beam across the support towards
the adjacent span.
 Cut bars – when the reinforcement has no bend up
bars, an additional strength reinforcing bars are
placed on the upper portion of the beam across
the supports extended to the required length of
about 1/3 the beam span from the face of the
support.
Beam Reinforcement for
Compression
 When the cross-sectional dimension of a
beam is limited in size for Architectural
concern, it is possible that the area of the
concrete that will resist compression load
will become inadequate.
The Web Reinforcement
 Web reinforcement is the same as the
stirrups used in beam to hold the
reinforcement together in its designed
position.
Torsion in Reinforced
Concrete Member
 Toresist tension, the structure must consist
of longitudinal reinforcement provided with
closed lateral ties.
Reinforced Concrete
Slab
 Depending upon how it is reinforced, reinforced
concrete slab is classified into the following
types:
1. One way solid slab
2. Two way solid slab
3. Ribbed floor
4. Flat slab or girderless floor (solid or ribbed)
One way slab

 One way slab is the common type of reinforced


concrete floor system made of solid slab
supported by two parallel beams.
Two way concrete slab

 Slabthat are supported on four sides where


the floor panel is nearly square in plan is
generally economical to employ the two
directions reinforcing bars placed at right
angle with each other.
Ribbed floor slab
 The ribbed floor is an economical type of floor
construction applicable only to medium span with
light or medium load.
Flat slab
 Arerectangle slab directly supported by
columns without beam or girders.
Reinforced Concrete
Stairways
 The simplest form of reinforced concrete
stairway is the inclined slab supported at
the end by beams provided with steps on its
upper surface.

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