GEOLOGI BATUBARA

2005

coal macerals
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Inertinite Group Macerals

 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Fusinite, an inertinite group maceral, is the result of partial

combustion. This example exhibits bogen structure. (bow tie
shaped fragments) ; oxidised cell walls.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

The fusinite in this image has endured some humification before

oxidation as evidenced by thicker cell walls Gelification began, cell
walls started to swell, and then oxidation occurred.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Inertodetrinite visible here as small white fragments. These originate from

oxidised plant debris, < 30 µm. The matrix is detrovitrinite (darker grey)
with spores (elongate darker objects).
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

The light grey band crossing the image diagonally from left to
right is macrinite. Macrinite is derived from oxidised partially
humified vegetal material. It is surrounded by inertodetrinite
and detrovitrinite with some minerals (brighter , reddish
specks).
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Bands of micrinite (lighter grey) are small particles of oxidised

vegetable matter, < 2µm in ,longest dimension. These result from
physical degradation and chemical reactions during coalification.
The darker grey maceral is telovitrinite.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Liptinite Group Macerals

 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

The dumbbell shaped dark object is the maceral densosporinite,

common in Carboniferous euro-american coals. Originally it was
the spore of a Lycopod. It is included in a vitrinite band (darker
grey) with inertodetrinite (small white fragments).
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

The thin, darkest band is cutinite from the cuticles of leaves and
stems. The lighter band (above) is macrinite, oxidised partially
humified plant material. The brighter maceral above again is inert
odetrinite. Below the cutinite is a band of detrovitrinite which includes
small minerals, inertodetrinite and spores. The darker grey beneath
that is part of a resin body from a large plant or tree.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

The large darker grey body is a spore showing some

ornamentation (bumps around edge), situated in vitrinite with
micrinite bands (lighter bands).
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Resinite (darker grey) in vitrinite. The remains of a piece of wood. Shows

original cell structure. In the bottom right corner, the light macerals are
inertodetrinite, and detrovitrinite.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Brown Coal Macerals

 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Delicate thin walled fusinite in brown coal. Little or no compaction

has take place, otherwise the walls would have broken, forming
bogen structures.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

A fungal spore (light coloured ellipse with two cross structures) is

shown in an attrinite matrix.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Eu-ulminite, a maceral in which the cell walls have swollen, gelified

and the cell lumen have closed.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Cell structure and plant tissue is well preserved in brown coal.

 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Densinite matrix, (dark grey) with inclusions of inertinite (white)

macerals.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Texto-ulminite (cell structure is preserved but the walls

have thickened a little), at the far right is an inclusion of
inertodetrinite.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

The lower half of the image shows textinite (cell walls) which are in
some cases filled with porigelinite (grey, granular). The thin cell
walls visible in the lower half are in contrast to the swollen cell walls
of texto-ulminite and ulminite (grey with no cell structure).
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

An example of well preserved plant structure in brown coal,

this may be part of plant root.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Textinite, coalified plant tissue showing uncompacted, thin cell walls.

 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Attrinite matrix, comprised of plant fragments, loosely

packed, including a high proportiion of void space
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Fungal spores (white spherical bodies) in attrinite matrix.

 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

Euhedral grains of pyrite. Pyrite is resistant and has a high

relief on the polished surface.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

This image is from a low volatile bituminous coal. The grey

groundmass is detrovitrinite, it contains inclusions of
inertodetrinite (light coloured particles <30 microns in
length) and minerals (black particles). Just to the right of the
centre and in the top half of the image are slightly darker
grey resinite macerals.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

The black specks and larger particles in this image are minerals. The
dark grey goundmass is detrovitrinite. In the left third of the image are
some lighter coloured inertinite macerals. Semifusinite at the bottom
left hand corner is grading into macrinite showing no structure. At this
rank (low volatile bituminous) the contrast in reflectance between the
maceral groups is low.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

This image shows a fracture in the coal (cleat) which is filled

with carbonate. The light coloured band across the centre of
the image showing cell structure is semifusinite.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

The elongated dark bodies are sporinite macerals set in a

detrovitrinite matrix. The small light coloured particles
<30microns is inertodetrinite. The oval shaped light
coloured body is sclerotinite.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

This coal contains a high proportion of mineral matter. The

black areas are minerals and the positions where minerals
have pulled out during polishing.
 GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005

This image shows a cross-section through an individual stem, the stem

crosses the image horizontally and is outlined by the maceral cutinite on
the top and bottom (dark grey, string like bodies). The bright gold coloured
mineral in the top left hand corner is pyrite.
GEOLOGI BATUBARA
2005