Professional Documents
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Motor Types
•Induction Motors
•Direct-Current Motors
•Synchronous Motors
Motor Characteristics
Motor Speed
Synchronous Speed (RPM) = 120 × Frequency/No. of Poles
Indian motors have synchronous speeds like 3000 / 1500 / 1000 / 750 / 600 /
500 / 375 RPM corresponding to no. of poles being 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16
(always even) and given the mains frequency of 50 cycles / sec.
Motor Efficiency
•Squirrel cage motors are normally more efficient than slip-ring motors,
•higher-speed motors are normally more efficient than lower-speed motors.
•Efficiency is also a function of motor temperature
•Totally-enclosed, fan-cooled (TEFC) motors are more efficient than screen
protected drip-proof (SPDP) motors
•Rotor I2R losses = Slip × (Stator Input – Stator I2R Losses – Core Loss)
Stray Load Losses:
• These losses are difficult to measure with any accuracy. IEEE Standard
112 gives a complicated method, which is rarely used on shop floor
IS and IEC standards take a fixed value as 0.5 % of input. The actual value
of stray losses is likely to be more.
•These losses are major losses and typically account for 55%
to 60% of the total losses
Core Losses
Under loading –
•sub-optimal motor efficiency is that of under-loading
induction motors are characterized by power factors less than unity, leading to
lower overall efficiency (and higher overall operating cost) in a plant.
size of capacitor :
it depends on the no load kVAR
the capacitor is then selected to not exceed 90 % of the no-load kVAR of the
motor. (Higher capacitors could result in over-voltages and motor burn-outs).
speed of the motor,
3. Providing adequate ventilation and keeping motor cooling ducts clean can help
dissipate heat to reduce excessive losses.
Example,-2 A change in the air gap may affect power factor and output torque
• Using wires of greater cross section, slot size permitting, would reduce stator
losses thereby increasing efficiency.
Thus record of no-load losses and no-load speed from the time of purchase of
each motor
EX- Comparison of no load current and stator resistance per phase of a rewound
motor with the original no-load current and stator resistance at the same voltage
can be one of the indicators to assess the efficacy of rewinding.
• Used only in clean, non-hazardous areas because of the risk of sparking at the
brushes
• rugged
•low maintenance ,
•less expensive,
Centrifugal pumps and fans are typical examples of variable torque loads (torque
varies as the square of the speed).
2 constant power - Constant power loads are those for which the torque
requirements typically change inversely with speed. Ex- Machine tools
I. Multi-speed motors –
• Motors can be wound such that two speeds, in the ratio of 2:1,
•Very economical
Sampling Criteria
Measurements
– Scope areas for energy conservation with related cost benefits and source
information
• Identified motors with low voltage / power factor / voltage imbalance for
needed improvement measures.
• Identified motors with machine side losses / inefficiencies like idle operations,
throttling /damper operations for avenues like automatic controls / interlocks,
variable speed drives,etc