Lec23 Lcs

LINEAR CONTROL
SYSTEMS
Ali Karimpour
Associate Professor
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Lecture 23
Lecture 23
Controller design in the frequency

domain
Topics to be covered include:
 Lead controller design
2
Dr. Ali Karimpour Dec 2013
Lecture 23
Design fundamental of a lag controller (remember)
Consider a minimum phase system.

Bode Diagram
60 0
40 20 log a
Magnitude (dB)
20
0
0
-20 1 1
-40  a
-60
-90
BW reduced.
Phase (deg)
-135 Speed of system reduced.

PM=25°
PM=40°
-180
Effect of the noise is reduced.
0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
3
Lecture 23
A phase-lead controller
a s  1
G(s)  Let a  1
 s 1
Bode Diagram
30
50
20
Magnitude (db)
40
20 log a
Magnitude (dB)
1030
020
 10
10
 200
9090
m
a 1
Phase (deg)
sin  m 
Phase (deg)
a 1 045
 900
10
10
00
1011
10 1 / a 1 /  10102
2
10
10
33
4
Frequency(rad/sec)
Frequency (rad/sec) Dr. Ali Karimpour Dec 2013
Lecture 23
Design fundamental of the lead controller

Analysis Design
Consider a minimum phase system.

Bode Diagram 20 log a
60
0
40
Magnitude (dB)
20 φm
0
0
1
-20
 a
-40
-60
-90
How can the lead controller
help us?
Phase (deg)
-135
PM=25° PM=40°
-180
0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
What is the effect of a lead controller on BW? Speed of system?

5
What is the effect of a lead controller on noise effect? Dr. Ali Karimpour Dec 2013
20 log a Lecture 23
Design procedure of the phase-lead controller 0
in the frequency domain φm

0
1
 a
as  1
Step 1: Consider cG ( s )  k with a  1 as a phase lead controller.
s  1
as  1
Note: If the plant has another gain k, let c G ( s ) 
s  1
Step 2: Try to fix k according to the performance request, otherwise let
k=1
Step 3: Sketch the Bode plot of the system (with the fixed k ) without controller.
Step 4: Find the system PM and if it is not sufficient choose the
required phase by:
a 1
 m  Desired PM - Existed PM   ? sin  m   a
a 1
Step 5: Put the center of the controller in the new gain crossover frequency:
1
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a)  0 c
new
 c new   
c  a
Step 6: Check the controller.
6
Lecture 23
Example 1: Design a lead controller for the following system such that
the phase margin be 45° and the ramp error constant be 100. Find the
Mp of overall system.
R(s )+ C (s )
k
Gc (s )
- s( s  25)
as  1
Step 1: Consider Gc ( s)  k with a  1 as a phase-lead controller.
s  1
as  1
Note: If the plant has another gain k, let Gc ( s) 
s  1
as  1
Gc ( s )  a 1
s  1
Step 2: Try to fix k according to the performance request, otherwise let

k=1
k
kv  lim sGc ( s )  100 k  2500
s 0 s ( s  25)
7
Lecture 23
Example 1: Design a lead controller for the following system
such that the phase margin be 45° and the ramp error constant
be 100. Find the Mp of overall system.
R(s )+ C (s )
Step 3: Sketch the Bode plot of the system (with the Gc (s )
k
fixed k ) without controller. - s( s  25)
2500 100
G ( s)   Bode Diagram
s ( s  25) s ( s / 25  1) 60
40
Magnitude (dB) 20
Step 4: Find the system PM and 0
if it is not sufficient choose the -20
required phase by: -40
 m  Desired PM - Existed PM   -60

-90
 m  45 - 25  5  2 5
Phase (deg)
-135
a 1 PM=25°
sin 25   a  2.46
a 1
-180
0 1 2
8 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
Step 5: Put the center of the controller in the new R(s )+ C (s )

k
gain crossover frequency: Gc (s )
s( s  25)
-
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0
c
Bode Diagram
60
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a)  3.91
c
40
new Magnitude (dB) 20

c  60
0
 3.91
-20
new 1
c     0.0106 -40
 a -60
-90
as  1 0.0261s  1
Phase (deg)
Gc ( s )   -135
s  1 0.0106s  1
PM=25°
-180
0 1 2
9 3
10 10 60 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
R(s )+ C (s )
Step 6: Check the controller. Gc (s )
k
- s( s  25)
0.0261s  1
Gc ( s ) 
0.0106s  1 Bode Diagram
60
1 /   94.33, 1 / a  38.3 40
Magnitude (dB) 20
G ( j )
20 log a  7.8 0
Gc ( j )G ( j )
-20
1 / a  60 -40
-60
-90
 m  25
Phase (deg)
-135
PM  47 
-180
0 1 2
10 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
R(s )+ C (s )
k
- s( s  25)
Bode Diagram
50
Magnitude (dB)
-50
-100
-90
G ( j )
Phase (deg)
-135
Gc ( j )G ( j )
PM  47 
-180
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4 11
Lecture 23
R(s )+ C (s )
Find Mp Gc (s )
k
- s( s  25)
Nichols Chart
60
40
0 dB
Mp= 2 db 0.25 dB
0.5 dB
20 1 dB -1 dB
Open-Loop Gain (dB)
3 dB
6 dB -3 dB
0 -6 dB
-12 dB
G ( j )
-20 -20 dB
Gc ( j )G ( j )
-40 -40 dB
-60 dB
-60
-360 -315 -270 -225 -180 -135 -90 -45 0 12
Open-Loop Phase (deg) Dr. Ali Karimpour Dec 2013
Lecture 23
Example 2: Find the step response of example 1 and

compare it with lag design in pervious lectures.
0.0261s  1 R(s )+ k C (s )
Gclead ( s )  Lead controller of example 1 Gc (s )
0.0106s  1 - s( s  25)
0 .5 s  1
Gclag ( s )  Lag controller of example 1 lecture 29
1.4092s  1
G ( s) 2500
M 1 ( s)   2 Closed loop transfer function without controller
1  G ( s) s  25s  2500
Gclead ( s ).G ( s ) 6156s  235800 Closed loop transfer function

M 2 (s)   3
1  Gclead ( s).G ( s) s  119 .3s 2  8514s  235800 with a phase-lead controller
Gclag ( s ).G ( s ) 887 s  1774

M 3 (s)   Closed loop transfer function
1  Gclag ( s ).G ( s ) s 3  25.71s 2  904.8s  1774 with a phase-lag controller
13
Lecture 23
Example 2: Find the step response of example 1 and

compare it with lag design in pervious lectures.
0.0261s  1 R(s )+ k C (s )
Gclead ( s )  Lead controller of example 1 Gc (s )
0.0106s  1 - s( s  25)
0 .5 s  1
Gclag ( s )  Lag controller of example 1
1.4092
1.5
s 1 Step Response
Without controller
Phase-lag controller Check the speed of
different
1
controllers and
compare it with the
Amplitude
Phase-lead controller controller

0.5
properties in slide
#4 and #6
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
14
Time (sec) Dr. Ali Karimpour Dec 2013
Lecture 23
the phase margin be 45° and the ramp error constant be 100.
R (s )+ k C (s)
Gc (s )
- s( s  10)( s  20)
as  1
Step 1: Consider Gc ( s)  k with a  1 as a phase-lead controller.
s  1
as  1
s  1
as  1
Gc ( s )  a 1
s  1
Step 2: Try to fix k according to performance request, otherwise let k=1
k
kv  lim sGc ( s )  100 k  20000
s 0 s ( s  10)( s  20)
15
Lecture 23
R (s )+ k C (s )
Step 3: Sketch the Bode plot of system (with the Gc (s )
- s ( s  10)( s  20)
fixed k ) without controller.
20000 100
G (s)   Bode Diagram
s ( s  10)( s  20) s ( s / 10  1)( s / 20  1100
)
50
Magnitude (dB)
if it is not sufficient choose the

-50
required phase by:
-100
-135
 m  45 - (-20)  5  70
  
Phase (deg)
-180
PM= -20°
a 1
sin 70 
-225
 a  32
a 1 -270
10
-1 0
10 10
1
10
2 16 103
Lecture 23
Step 5: Put the center of controller in the new gain R (s )+ k C (s )

Gc (s )
crossover frequency: - s ( s  10)( s  20)
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0

c
Bode Diagram
100
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  15

c 50
Magnitude (dB)
0
 15
c new
 45
-50
-100
1 -90
c new     0.0039
 a -135
Phase (deg)
-180
as  1 0.1248s  1 PM= -20°
Gc ( s )   -225
s  1 0.0039s  1
-270
10
-1 0
10 10
1
45 10
2 17 10
3

Lecture 23
R (s )+ k C (s )
- s ( s  10)( s  20)
Bode Diagram
100
50
Magnitude (dB)
0 Gc ( j )G ( j )
-50
-100 G ( j )
Note: Design is not
-150 possible!
-200
-90
-135 Why?
Phase (deg)
PM  18 
-180
-225
-270
10
-1 0
10 10
1
10
2 3
10
4
10
18
Lecture 23
the phase margin be 45° and the open loop bandwidth be 10 rad/sec
R(s)+ C (s)
1
Gc (s )
- s2
as  1
Step 1: Consider Gc ( s)  k with a  1 as a phase-lag controller.
s  1
as  1
s  1
as  1
Gc ( s )  k a 1
s  1
k
20 log  3 k  17.7
2  5 Why?
19
Lecture 23
R (s )+ C (s )
1
fixed k ) without controller. - s2
17.7
G (s)  2 Bode Diagram
s 40
20
Step 4: Find the system PM and

Magnitude (dB)
0
if it is not sufficient choose the
-20
required phase by:
-40

-179
 m  45 - (0)  0  45 -179.5

Phase (deg)
-180
a 1
sin 45   a  5.8 -180.5
a 1
-181
0 1 2
20 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
Step 5: Put the center of controller in the new gain R (s )+

1
C (s )
crossover frequency: Gc (s )
- s2
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0

c
Bode Diagram
40
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a)  7.63 20

c
Magnitude (dB)
0
 7.63
c new  6.7 -20
-40
-60
1
c new -179
    0.062
 a -179.5
Phase (deg)
as  1 0.3596 s  1
-180
Gc ( s )   17.7
s  1 0.062 s  1 -180.5
-181
0
21
10 6.7 101 10
2
3
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
R (s )+ C (s )
1
- s2
Bode Diagram
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
0
3
-20
Gc ( j )G ( j )
-40
-60 G ( j )
Controller is not ok
-80
-135 Try again

Phase (deg)
PM  45
-180
0 1 2 3
10
BWopen loop  7 rad 10
/ sec 10 10
22
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
R(s)+ C (s)
1
Gc (s )
- s2

Open loop bandwidth is near to gain crossover frequency so:
k
20 log  3 k  17.7
2  5
k
20 log 2  3 k  35.7
  7
23
Lecture 23
R (s )+ C (s )
1
- s2
35.7
G(s)  2 Bode Diagram
s 40
20
Magnitude (dB)

required phase by:
-40
 m  Desired PM - Existed PM  
-60
-179
-179.5
 m  45 - (0)  0  45
Phase (deg)
-180
a 1
sin 45   a  5.8 -180.5
a 1 -181
0 1 2 24 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
Step 5: Put the center of controller in the new gain R (s )+

1
C (s )
- s2
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0

c
Bode Diagram
40
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a)  7.63 20

c
Magnitude (dB)
0
 7.63
c new  9 -20
-40
-60
1 -179
c new
    0.0461
 a -179.5
Phase (deg)
-180
as  1 0.2674s  1
Gc ( s )   35.7
s  1 0.0461s  1
-180.5
-181
0 1 2
25 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
R (s )+ C (s )
1
- s2
Bode Diagram
100
50
Magnitude (dB)
0
3
Gc ( j )G ( j )
-50
G ( j )
-100
Controller is not ok
-135
Try again
Phase (deg)
PM  45 
-180
-1 0 1 2 3
10 10 BWopen loop10 14 rad / sec 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
26
Lecture 23
R(s)+ C (s)
1
Gc (s )
- s2

Open loop bandwidth is near to gain crossover frequency so:
k
20 log  3 k  35.7
2  7
k
20 log 2  3 k  25.5
  6
27
Lecture 23
R (s )+ C (s )
1
- s2
25.5
G(s)  2 Bode Diagram
s 40
20
Step 4: Find the system PM and

Magnitude (dB)
0
required phase by:
-40

-179
-179.5
 m  45 - (0)  0  45
Phase (deg)
-180
a 1
sin 45   a  5.8 -180.5
a 1 -181
0 1 2
28 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
Step 5: Put the center of controller in the new gain R (s )+ C (s )

1
- s2
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0

c
Bode Diagram
40
20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a)  7.63 20

c
Magnitude (dB)
0
 7.63
c new  8 -20
-40
-60
1 -179
c new
    0.0519
 a -179.5
Phase (deg)
-180
as  1 0.301s  1
Gc ( s )   25.5
s  1 0.0519s  1
-180.5
-181
0 1 2
29 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
R (s )+ C (s )
1
- s2
Bode Diagram
40
20
Controller is ok
Magnitude (dB)
0
3
-20 Gc ( j )G ( j )
-40
-60
G ( j )
-80
-135
It can be solved by a very

Phase (deg)
PM  45 better method without trial

-180
and error. Try to find it.
0 1 2 3
open loop  10 rad / sec

10 10 10 10 30
BW
Frequency (rad/sec)
Lecture 23
Exercises
1 Design a lead controller for the following system such that the phase
margin be 40° and the open loop bandwidth be 23 rad/sec
R (s)+ C (s )
1
Gc (s )
- s2
2 Design a lead controller for the following system such that the phase
margin be 40° and the acceleration constant be 25.
R (s )+ C (s )
1
Gc (s )
- s2
0.301s  1
Answer : G c (s)  k
0.0519 s  1
31
Lecture 23
Exercises
3 Following is the open loop transfer function of a system. Design a lead

controller such that PM=45°. Draw the bode plot of compensated system.
Bode Diagram
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
-20
-40
-60
-179
-179.5
Phase (deg)
-180
0.2674 s  1
-180.5 Answer : G c (s)  k
0.0461s  1
-181
10
0 1
10
2
10
3
10
32
Lecture 23
Exercises
4 Following is the open loop transfer function of a system.
a) What is the velocity error constant. (answer 80)
b) Design a lead controller such that PM=50°. (answer Gc(s)=(0.0315s+1)/(0.0126s+1))
c) Design a lead controller such that PM=50° and the velocity error constant be 200.
(answer Gc(s)=2.5(0.0192s+1)/(0.0052s+1))
Bode Diagram
80
60
40
Magnitude (dB)
20
-20
-40
-60
-90
Phase (deg)
-135
-180
-1 0 1 2 3 33
10 10 10 10 10

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LINEAR CONTROL

Controller design in the frequency

Topics to be covered include:

 Lead controller design

Design fundamental of a lag controller (remember)

Consider a minimum phase system.

-135 Speed of system reduced.

Design fundamental of the lead controller

Consider a minimum phase system.

What is the effect of a lead controller on BW? Speed of system?

in the frequency domain φm

Step 2: Try to fix k according to the performance request, otherwise let

 m  Desired PM - Existed PM   -60

Step 5: Put the center of the controller in the new R(s )+ C (s )

new Magnitude (dB) 20

Example 2: Find the step response of example 1 and

Gclead ( s ).G ( s ) 6156s  235800 Closed loop transfer function

Gclag ( s ).G ( s ) 887 s  1774

Example 2: Find the step response of example 1 and

Phase-lead controller controller

Step 2: Try to fix k according to performance request, otherwise let k=1

if it is not sufficient choose the

Step 5: Put the center of controller in the new gain R (s )+ k C (s )

20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0

20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  15

Frequency (rad/sec) Dr. Ali Karimpour Dec 2013

Step 4: Find the system PM and

 m  Desired PM - Existed PM   -60

 m  45 - (0)  0  45 -179.5

Step 5: Put the center of controller in the new gain R (s )+

20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0

20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a)  7.63 20

-135 Try again

Step 2: Try to fix k according to performance request, otherwise let k=1

if it is not sufficient choose the -20

Step 5: Put the center of controller in the new gain R (s )+

20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0

20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a)  7.63 20

Step 2: Try to fix k according to performance request, otherwise let k=1

Step 4: Find the system PM and

 m  Desired PM - Existed PM   -60

Step 5: Put the center of controller in the new gain R (s )+ C (s )

20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a )  0

20 log G ( j )   new  10 log(a)  7.63 20

It can be solved by a very

PM  45 better method without trial

open loop  10 rad / sec

3 Following is the open loop transfer function of a system. Design a lead

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