Group members:

Tutor:
Pavel,91 Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Pawan, 92 Department of Civil Engineering
Pawan, 93 IOE, Tribhuvan University
Peshal, 94
Pintu,95
Prabesh, 96
Date: December 15, 2018
Students will obtain knowledge on following things

Types of pipes, pipe joints and their merits and demerits

Laying procedure of pipes

Different appurtenances such as valves, fittings

used in the pipelines

Fundamentals of break pressure tank

Operation and maintenance of water supply system

1
 CONVEYANCE OF WATER

Transportation of water to treatment plant and

reservoir distribution of water through conduits.

 Transmission: Source – Treatment plant - reservoir

 Distribution: Reservoir- Users Tap

 CONVEYANCE OF WATER
Transportation of
water is done
through conduits.
Selection of conduit may depend
upon factors such as:

 Topography
 Water quality
 Construction Practices
 Consumers Source:www.pininterest.com/water-pipes
 Economy
TYPES OF CONDUITS
Two main types of conduit.
Gravity
Conduit
Open channel flow with
free surface of water
exposed to atmosphere.
Eg. Canals, Aqueducts,
tunnels, etc.
Pressure Conduit
Pipe flow under pressure
greater than atmospheric
pressure.
Eg.various types of pipes,
Pressure aqueducts, pressure
tunnels.
TYPES OF CONDUITS
Gravity Conduits
•Water flows under action of
gravity.

•Free surface is developed

where water surface is at
atmospheric pressure.
https://phys.org/news/2015-09-

•Hydraulic gradient line pressure.html

Fig: Gravity Couduit
coincide with water surface.
TYPES OF CONDUIT

Types of Open Channel Flow

PRESSURE CONDUIT

Smoothness
Structural Strength

Light Weight
Durability Requirement of
good pipe
material

Resistance to Easy to Use

abrasion and
corrosion

Economical
Impervious
 Types of pipe material
Pipes are classified according to the material they are made of.
Pipes are made of following material.
Cast iron

Ductile iron

Steel

Cement concrete

Galvanized iron

Plastic
 I. Cast Iron Pipes (CI pipes)

Highly resistant to corrosion and

can withstand high amount
pressure.

Cast iron are highly durable and

have lifespan of about 100 years.

Extensively used for

conveyance of water in w/s
system.
 Manufacture of Cast iron pipes.
There are two main methods to manufacture cast iron pipes.

Ordinary Sand Centrifugal

molding process process
Sand molding process.

In sand casting, molten metal is poured into sand line moulds

That are set in either horizontal or vertical positions.
 Centrifugal Process

In this process pipes may be cast either in a sand line mould or
cooled metal mould.

Moulds are spun rapidly on a horizontal axis while molten metal

is poured.

Centrifugal process produces a finer grained and denser

structure with a more uniform thickness.

Cast iron pipes produced in sand mould are expensive,

centrifugally produced cast iron pipes are commonly used.
Centrifugal Process
 CAST IRON PIPES

Cast iron pipes are generally cast in length of 3-6 meters.

Cast iron pipes are classified as LA, A and B according to their thickness.

 Compared to pipes of Class LA, pipes of Class A have

10% more thickness and pipes of Class B have 20%
more thickness.
 Class LA, A and B can withstand maximum hydraulic
pressure of 10, 12.5 and 16 kg/sq.cm
 ADVANTAGES OF CAST IRON PIPES

Moderate cost
Can withstand high internal pressure
Highly resistant to corosion
Easy to join.
Durability. As life span is about 100 years.
 DISADVANTAGES OF CAST IRON PIPES

Very heavy hence difficult to

handle and transport.

Transportation cost is high.

Pipes are fragile.

Produces metallic taste in

water from iron leaching
into water due to rusting.
 DISADVANTAGES OF CAST IRON PIPES

The water carrying capacity of these pipes decreases with time because of increase in friction
factor due to tuberculation.
The capacity is reduced to as much as 65 %.
DUCTILE IRON PIPE

Direct development of earlier cast

iron pipe.
Manufactured from ductile iron,
also called nodular iron or
spheriodal graphite iron.
Manufactured using centrifugal
casting in metal or resin lined
molds.
Protective internal linings and
external coating are applied to
prevent corrosion.
Disadvantages
 Life expectancy of
unprotected ductile pipes
depend upon
corrosiveness of soil.
 For protected pipes life
expectancy has been
estimated to be more than
100 years.
Ductile Iron Pipe

As compared to pig iron, the ductile iron offers high resistance

against breakage due to impact and high tensile strength nearly
that of steel.
Hence, ductile pipes are stronger and can withstand greater interna
pressure.
Ductile iron pipes are more used than cast iron pipes nowadays.
 ADVANTAGES OF DUCTILE IRON PIPES

Have greater ductility than cast

iron pipes hence called ductile
iron pipes.
Have greater impact resistance
than cast iron pipes.
Stronger and lighter than cast
iron pipes. Source:https://phys.org/news/2015-09-pressure.h
Joining of these pipes are simple.
Joints can accommodate angular
deflection.
They have larger nominal inside
diameter than cast iron pipes.
 DISADVANTAGES OF DUCTILE IRON PIPES
Have similar rate of corrosion
to cast iron and steel pipes.

They require internal and

external protective systems.

Polyethylene wrappings are

required to prevent
corrosion.

Such wrappings can be easily

damaged.
STEEL PIPES
Steel pipes are fabricated by  They are light and strong to
rolling the flat steel plates withstand high pressure.
to proper diameter and
 But they cannot withstand
either riveting or wielding
high external loads of
the edges.
earth fillings, traffic, etc
The joints may be transverse  They also cannot
longitudinal or transverse
withstand high negative
and spiral. vacuum pressure.
Welded pipes are more
commonly used as it is
stronger and smoother
than riveted pipes.
Welded steel pipes are made
up to 2400 mm in
diameter and 12 m in
 https://www.justdial.com/Chandigarh/Punjab-Water-Supply-Sewarage-Board-Sector-27a/0172PX172-X1
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL PIPES
They are cheap.
They are very strong to
withstand high internal
pressure.
Pipes are flexible and can be
laid easily on curves.
Light weight hence easy to
handle and transport.
They are available in long

091028203603-H9K6_BZDET
lengths with various types of
pipe joints.
 DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL PIPES

They cannot withstand the external

loads such as of earth fillings,
traffic, etc.

www.constructionviewimage.com/loading-image-
Maintenance cost is high
.
They can be corroded by slightly
acidic or alkaline water.

They are likely to deform in shape by

combined actions of external and
internal loads.

Failure due to external loading

CEMENT CONCRETE PIPES

Concrete pipes are made up of either PCC or RCC.

Plain concrete are normally used for heads up to 15 m and
reinforced concrete are normally used for heads up to 60m.
They are used to transport large quantity of water.
Although they are resistant to corrosion they are not used
much due to difficulty in making connections.
MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE PIPES

https://www.justdial.com/Chandigarh/Punjab-Water-Supply-Sewarage-Board-Secto

They are manufactured by using centrifugal force inside the moulds by spinning rapidly.
So they have uniform consistency and thickness.
They can be manufactured in factory and later transport or can be easily made in the
site.
 ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE PIPES
These pipes are durable with lifespan of 75 years.

They are more suitable to external loading due to soil filling and traffic.

Maintenance cost is low.

They are highly resistant to corrosion.

Inside of pipe is smooth and hence less friction factor.

They can be casted in situ hence reduces the transportation cost.

They are heavy and difficult to
handle.
It is difficult to repair the pipes.
Unreinforced pipes cannot
withstand high internal
pressure and result in tensile
cracks.
It is difficult to make
connections without faults.
There may be leakage due to
porosity and shrinkage
cracks.

Source:https://www.wateronline.com/doc/making-municipal-water-supply-relia
economical-and-sustainable-0001
Plastic is a material consisting of a wide range of
synthetic or semisynthetic organic compounds
which are malleable and can be molded in any
form.

Well they are made from synthetic resin of high

molecular weight, polymerized from simple
compounds by heat, pressure and catalyst.
1) Polyethylene(PE) Pipes

2) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes

3) Polypropylene Random (PPR) Copolymer Pipes

On the basis of the level of density(pressure that pipes can
sustain), it is divided in three types

1)High density polyethylene (HDPE)

2)Medium density polyethylene(MDPE)

3)Low density polyethylene(LDPE)

o HDPE is known for its large strength-to-density
ratio.
o The density of HDPE can range from 930 to 970
kg/m3. Although the density of HDPE is only
marginally higher than that of low-density
polyethylene.
o HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger
intermolecular forces and tensile strength than
LDPE.
o It is also harder and more opaque and can
withstand somewhat higher temperatures (120 °C/
248 °F for short periods).
 These are the pipes which are made from plastic
and vinyl combination.
 As these are durable, hard to damage and long
lasting, they are one of the most common materials
used for residential plumbing applications.
 PVC is an inert and stable material that resist
corrosion.
 PVC piping is most commonly used in water
systems , underground wiring and sewer lines.
 Polypropylene random copolymers are
thermoplastic resins produced through the
polymerization of propylene, with ethylene links
introduced in the polymer chain.

• TYPES-
1) Homopolymer
2)Random copolymer
3)Block copolymer
 PIPE JOINTS
• Why does we need pipe joints?

• Since in the water supply system we need a network of

long pipelines for the distribution of water. However ,
pipes are manufactured in smaller lengths varying from
2 to 6 meters, so smaller pipes are joined together
during pipe laying to develop long pipelines. So, joints
are required.

• The selection of the pipe joints depends upon following

factors:

1)Internal pressure 2)Durability

3)Site condition 4)Water tightness
1)Socket and Spigot joints

2)Tyton joint

3)Flanged joint

4)Collar joint

5)Screwed socket joint

6)Expansion joint
This joint is more flexible than socket and spigot joint.
This joint is commonly used for cast iron and ductile iron pipes.
• This pipe in this case has flanges on both ends.
• The flanges are casted during the manufacturing of the
pipe and either welded or screwed at each end of pipe.
• This joint is mostly used for temporary pipelines such as
pumping stations, treatment plants, hydraulic
laboratories, boiler house etc.
• This joint is rigid in nature

Source:www.pininterest.com/joints/flangedjoint-25743
• In this type of joint, the ends of sewer are plain.
• Before joining, the pipes are brought face to face at the
same level and a collar of slightly bigger diameter is
placed over the joint.
• Then the annular space between the pipes and the collar
is filled up with cement mortar.
• The collar joints are used for sewers of large diameter.
• This joint is commonly used for joining the galvanized
iron (GI) pipes.
• The ends of the pipes are plain ends with screw threads
on the outer surface . This joints require a socket which
has thread on inner side.
• In order to make joint watertight, a few strands of jute or
zinc white are placed n thread of pipe ends and socket
are screwed and tightened so that pipes are held firmly
in position.
• This joint is adopted at places where pipes expands or
contracts due to variation in atmospheric temperature.
• Here the socket end is cast flanged and the spigot end is
plain.
• A flanged ring and a rubber gasket are placed in position
on the spigot end.
• Then the spigot end is inserted into the socket end nut
and bolts are tightened.
LAYING OF PIPES
• S TA R T E D A F T E R C O M P L E T I O N O F A L L S U R V E Y
A N D D E S I G N W O R K S , P R E PA R AT I O N O F
D R AW I N G S A N D S P E C I F I C AT I O N , A N D
P R O C U R E M E N T O F M AT E R I A L S .
• APPROVAL OF RESIDENTS LIVING IN THE
VICINIT Y AND DIFFERENT GOVERNMENT
AUTHORITIES SUCH AS ROAD DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORIT Y(FOR MAJOR ROADS, PROVINCIAL
ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORIT Y(FOR
S E C O N D A R Y R O A D S ) , I R R I G AT I O N
D E PA R T M E N T, E T C . S H O U L D B E TA K E N .
• D AT E O F C O M M E N C E M E N T A N D E X P E C T E D
D AT E O F C O M P L E T I O N I S I N F O R M E D T O T H E
ENGINEER.
T R A N S P O R TAT I O N O F M AT E R I A L T O T H E S I T E
• PIPES SHALL BE TRANSPORTED TO THE SITE
 After the pipes have been transported to the site, each pipe & special should be properly
stacked at site in such a manner so as not to distort their circularity or cause any damage
to their outer coating.

FIG: TRANSPORTATION OF PIPES FIG: STOCKING OF PIPES

The various steps involved in laying of pipes are as follows:
b)Excavation of c) Timbering of
a) Setting out
trench trench
d) Preparation of e) Laying and jointing of
subgrade pipes

f) Testing of g) Backfilling of h) Disinfection

pipes trench of pipeline

a) Setting out:
 Process of transferring the points of pipe alignment from
the drawing to the ground site.
 Survey equipments such as theodolite, staff, chain, tape,
etc, are used.
 Centre line of the proposed pipeline alignment is marked on
the ground by driving stakes 30 metres apart on straight
stretches and 7.5 m to 15 metres on curves.
b) Excavation of Trench

Trench is excavated along the

alignment of the pipeline.

Width of the trench should be 30

cm more than pipe’s external
diameter.

Depth of trench should not be

less than 90 cm from the top of FIG: EXCAVATION OF TRENCH
the pipe.

Underground service lines should

not be damaged during
excavation.
Timbering of trench
•Done by installing wooden planks supported by
timber blocks, wedges and struts along the walls of
the trench .
•Done to prevent the loose soils from caving in.
•Not required in hard soils.
d) Preparation of subgrade
Subgrade prepared in soil where settlement is unlikely by
ramming a layer of sand or clay to thickness of 15 to 30
cm.
Subgrade prepared in soil where settlement is likely with
a cement concrete bed of 15 cm thick
Done so that pipe can be bedded true to alignment line.

e) Laying and jointing of pipes:

Pipes are lowered into the trench.

The pipes should be wiped clean
to remove dirt or foreign
matters
Pipes are jointed properly with
suitable type of joints and pipe FIG:JOINTING OF C.I AND
appurtenances are fixed at D.I PIPES
proper places.
Source:www.pininterest.com/gw456kl-
pipe_joints.html
53
f) Testing of pipeline:
Testing of pipelines is necessary because it helps
anticipate future problems, improves reliability and
provides information for maintenance plans and
decisions.
Generally, pressure and leakage tests are carried out.

Following are some tests carried out in pipeline

Leakage Test
Pressure Test
Fatigue Test…
 Pressure test:
• After Completion of each section of
pipeline, it shall be tested for water
tightness.
• This can be done by closing each end
by means of valve, blank flange, cap or
plug and filling the pipe with water.
• The pressure shall be raised gradually
by means of a hydro testing pump till the
pressure is at least one and half times
the working pressure.
• The test pressure is specified by the FIG: PRESSURE
TESTING OF
authority and the test is considered PIPELINE
satisfactory if the pipeline maintains the
test pressure for at least half an hour.
ii) Leakage test:
Certain amount of water will be leaked from the pipeline as a result of applied test pressure in hydro
the pipeline.
Water is added into the pipe section to compensate for the loss of water in the pipe due to leakage.
The leakage should be within allowable range which is given by:
𝑁𝐷 𝑃
Q=
3.3

Where Q = allowable leakage in cm3/hr;

N = number of pipe joints in test section;
D = Diameter of pipe in mm;
P = applied test pressure in kg/cm2.

g) Backfilling of trench:
Process of putting soil back into the trench once laying of pipes into the trench is finished.
Backfill is well rammed to prevent movement of the pipes.
All surplus soils are disposed.
 FIG: BACKFILLING OF
TRENCH
h) Disinfection of pipeline:
Pipeline needs to be disinfected before put into service.
Pipeline is filled with chlorinated water to kill the pathogenic
organisms present inside the pipes.
Residue chlorine of 50mg/l is maintained for 12 hours.
Pipe is then flushed with fresh water and then put into service.
Source:google.com/images-valves

VALVE AND FITTINGS

58
Source:https://giphy.com/gifs/valve-tHF75k1uWomCk
What comprises a Water Supply System?

59
BACKGROUND
 For the efficient operation and maintenance of
pipeline system different appurtenances are used in
pipeline.

A proper Water Supply System cannot be imagined

without the planned use of appurtenances.

 Appurtenances link up all the different phases involved

in the Water Supply System starting from main source to
finally terminating at distribution line (consumers).

60
SOME MAJOR COMPONENTS USED IN
PIPELINE

Valves

Fittings

Manholes

Fire Hydrants

Water Meters…..
61
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the
flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries)
by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various
passageways. wikipidea

 What are valves used for?

•To regulate the flow of water.
•To prevent the flow in opposite direction.
•To release excessive pressure.
•To remove or admit the air.
• To drain or washout the pipeline.

62
SOME COMMONLY USED VALVES

Sluice Valve
Globe Valve

Butterfly Valve

Reflux Valve

Pressure Relief Valve

Air Valve

Drain Valve…etc

63
 Source:Water Supply Engineering-Textbook

 A sluice valve consists of disc or circular gate,

usually wedge shaped, closely fitted in recess against the
opening.

 The arrangement is such that when the nut or wheel

above is rotated the thread spindle rises along with the
7
disc to allow the passage of water.
 Features of Sluice Valve
 Sluice Valve are the most common type of valves used
to regulate flow through pipelines.

These valves may be placed in order to separate any

section of pipeline.

 These valves may be placed at intervals of about 150-

300 meters and also at point of intersection.

 Sluice Valves finds its extensive use in distribution

lines for shutting off supplies when desired.

These valve may require big force to open due to

differential pressure and can erode rapidly in partially
open position. 65
DRAIN VALVES

The drain valves are also known as socur valves or washout

valves or blow off valves.

 These valves comprise of a low resistance sluice valve of

required size for emptying ,flushing or for inspection, repair of
the pipeline.

 These are located at dead ends and depression or low points

where sediments sediment deposition is possible.
66
Giphy.com-check_valve

 A conventional check valve consists of gunmetal

disc tightly hinged to edge which fits tightly against its
seat consequently stopping the water flow.

 When water flows with enough pressure the gate67

rotates about hinge allowing water flow in one direction 67
 Feature and Scope of Reflux Valve

 These type of valves are specially designed, to allow

unidirectional flow of water and are placed in supply
system with low to medium head.

 These valve are invariably placed in the pumping main

so that if the pump fails, water is prevented from going
inside pump.

 Reflux Valve find their application in water meters,

inlet of subsidiary tank, solar tanks…etc.

 Rainwater harvesting systems that are plumbed into

the main water supply may be required to have one or
more check valves fitted to prevent contamination of
the primary supply by rainwater.
 It consists of spring loaded disc which can be calibrated
for any pressure by manipulating the spring with the help of
handle provided atop.

• When the set pressure is exceeded, the relief valve becomes the
"path of least resistance" as the valve is forced open and a
portion of the fluid is diverted through the auxiliary route, thus
69
decreasing the pressure.
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

Features of Pressure Relief Valves

 Pressure Relief Valve are also called automatic cutoff

valves or safety valves.

 These valves are provided to keep the water pressure

below the assigned threshold to prevent any danger of
bursting.

 These valves find their use near the source and in

transmission lines where pressure tend to increase.

 Excess pressure may buildup inside pipe due to:

i. Entering of air
ii. Water hammer
iii. Shrinkage of Pipe Fig:Bursting of 70
Pipe
iv. Clogging in Pipes…etc
 An air valve consists of cast iron chamber, float level and
poppet valve connected to main pipeline as shown.

 In normal condition, the chamber has sufficient water to close the

poppet valve.
 When the air start to accumulate in the chamber increased
pressure causes water level to drop eventually opening the poppet 71
valve to let the air out.
AIR VALVES
Features of Air Valves
 Air valves are also called air relief valves as they
decrease air pressure in pipes.

 Air valves are thus placed at the summit to provide exit for
accumulated air as air inside tends to accumulate at high point.

 These valves are also required to discharge air when main

tank is being filled.

 Air valves also facilitate entering of air when main tank is

being emptied to prevent sudden drop of pressure in tank.

 Air valves are sometimes used to admit air in section where

72
partial vacuum is created to prevent backsiphonage.
 FITTINGS
Pipe fittings are used for following purposes:

Connecting different pipes

Changing the direction of flow
Connecting different appurtenances
Closing and sealing of pipe etc.
Source:
indiamart.com
TYPES OF PIPE FITTINGS:
Bend
Tee
Cross
Wye
Reducer
Plug
Socket
Union
Water tap
 BEND
It is used to change the direction
of a pipeline , 360 degrees theoretically.
¼ bend, 1/8 bend, 1/16 bend and
1/32 bend are available. ¼ bend
corresponds to 90 degrees bend,
1/8 bend corresponds to 45 degrees
bend and so on. Source:alibaba.com
Bends are also known as elbows.
 TEE

It is in ‘T’ shape and has two outlets and one inlet.

It is used to connect pipes of
different diameters or to change
the direction of pipe runs.
Equal tee is used when the size of
the branch is same and unequal
tee is used when they are of Source: indiamart.com
different sizes.
 CROSS

They are also called 4-way fittings.

It connects four pipes together.
It may have one inlet and three
outlets or vice versa.

Source: indiamart.com
WYE

It is used to create branch lines.

It has shape of ‘Y’.
It may have one inlet and two
outlets and vice versa.
Source:
homedepot.com
 REDUCER

It joins two pipes of different sizes

to reduce the diameter of the run.
When it is reversed in direction,
it increases the pipe diameter and
in known as increaser. Source: indiamart.com
PLUG

It closes off the end of a pipe.

Source: indiamart.com
 SOCKET

It fits over the pipeline to connect pipes of same or

different diameters.

Source:
indiamart.com
 UNION
It allows the easy connection and
disconnection of the pipes of same
diameter at any future time.

Source:
indiamart.com
 WATER TAP
It is also known as bib cocks of faucets.

It is fixed in wash basins, kitchen,

bathrooms, etc from where the consumers
obtain water.

The clockwise turning of handle

stops the flow and the anticlockwise
turning opens the flow.
 NIPPLE
It has external male threads at each
end for connecting two other fittings.

Its length is specified by overall

length with threads.

Source:
indiamart.com
 STOP COCK
It is practically sluice valve or gate
valve of small size since they stop
or open the flow of water when
necessary.
It is used to wash basins, water tanks,
flushing tanks, etc. It is made up
of brass or gun metal.
Break Pressure Tank

Source: saconstructionnews.co.za

Break pressure tank is a small tank or chamber specifically

built to break the hydrostatic pressure in the pipeline. It is
also known as break pressure chamber.
OPERATION

The diaphragm
pilot valve opens
and closes the
control valve as
system demand
fluctuates.

The flow into the tank is automatically regulated to

match the system demand thereby ensuring that the
velocity in the upstream pipeline is limited to the design
flow rate. Opening and closing occurs gradually to
prevent unwanted surges and water hammer.
1.Where to use break pressure
tank?
Ans.
Break pressure tank are generally
provided in the area Where gravity
flow water supply system is
present. Usually in the hilly areas.

2.Why usually in hilly areas?

Ans.
In the hilly areas there may be
high level difference between
the locations of the storage tank
and public stand post.
 http://thoughtsfrommalawi.blogspot.com

Although these systems are powered by gravity, water

Still sometimes has to flow uphill. When it does, there
Is a risk of air getting caught in the pipe.
• As shown in figure above, The reduced level of the
storage tank is 1500m and that of public standpost is
1200m.

• The level difference = 300m.

• Due to this level difference when water flows down the

hill the hydrostatic pressure of 300m or 30 kg/cms is
created.

In such case pipe that can withstand 30 kg/cms is

required.
MAXIMUM PRESSURE RATINGS OF:
HDPE(High density ethylene) kg/cms GI(Galvanized iron pipe)
kg/cms
10 18

Hence ,The steel pipe that can withstand higher pressure

will be requred.
If air does get caught in the pipe, it essentially gets
trapped(since it can’t flow through the water),builds up
pressure, and blocks flow. It can sometimes also burst the
pipe.
To prevent this, air valves are used.

Mr. Alizeo and Mr. Utumbe opening

up a break pressure tank. The
concrete slab in front of the tank has
a valve under it, in case you want to
shut off water flowing into the tank.

The top pipe on the right is an overflow pipe, and the bottom
one is an outlet pipe (for draining the tank before cleaning).
The inside of the tank.
The pipe on the right is
the inflow, the pipe on
the left is the outflow.

Notice that they’re not

directly aligned, ensuring
that the water will have to
slosh around in the tank http://thoughtsfrommalawi.blogspot.com
before flowing out.

The pipe at the top of the picture is the outlet pipe for
cleaning
STRATEGIC PLACING OF BREAK PRESSURE TANK

The strategic placing of break pressure tanks in the

pipeline as shown in figure.

• The introduction of break

pressure tanks at locations
with R.L. 1400 and 1300
breaks the pressure built up
in the pipeline establishing
new static water level at R.L.
1400 and 1300m.
• The maximum pressure build up is limited to 100m or
10 kg/cm2 which can withstand by HDPE pipe of 10
kg/cm2 pressure rating thus by avoiding the
necessasity of using GI and steel pipes.

No need to search high pressure

rating pipes . One can use BPT
and avoid high cost or expenses.
CONSTRUCTION OF BREAK PRESSURE TANK

• Excavation for a tank should be 30cms into firm

soil, and the floor of the excavation should be
levelled and compacted.
Contd…….
• A layer of gravel and masonry footing should be
built.

• Minimum height above the ground should be 20

cms.

• The inner dimension of the break pressure tank

should be large enough to accommodate the fitting
such as float valve, gate valve etc.

• A float valve is always provided in it. It automatically

closes the inlet flow when the flow downstream
stops due to closure of taps.
 PUBLIC STANDPOST

• Public stand post is also called as

Public tap stand(PTS) .

• A public stand post distributes water

to public in a community through one
or many taps.

• As it is used by many no care is given

so it’s design and construction
should be sturdier than domestic.
 Source:www.arcgis.com

Fig.People waiting for collecting water at public standpost

A stand post is always a new and important
gathering place where people come to collect
water and wash cloths even bath also.
THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR CONSTRUCTING PUBLIC
STANDPOST

 Not only the stand post itself but the immediate area
should also be carefully selected.

 It’s design is therefore, conform closely to the social and

cultural aspirations of the community.

 It should be properly designed and built .

 It should be clean, attractive and inviting place otherwise

it may become dirty, muddy and unhygienic.
The location of stand post is governed by population density
and by settlement pattern.
To avoid complications the following guidelines should be
followed.

It should be accessible to all

the users all the time.

It should not be located

within house or courtyard
Wvi.org
It should be located where wastewater can be drained
away easily.
The villagers should choose an alternate location if the
location is likely to create friction.
 Source:Qz.com

Table. Maximum Walking Distance For Standpost.

Type of walking Walking Distance(m)

distance Desirable In exceptional
cases
Horizontal 150 250
Vertical 50 80
 FLOW
The standard standpost flow is 0.15 LPS. It could serve a
population of 100 persons at an average per capita demand
of 45 liters per day with peak factor 3.
 For such flow it should be provided to densely populated
area.

The maximum flow in PSP is limited to 0.25 LPS to avoid

crowd and queing.

If demand exceeds 0.25 LPS double faucet PSP need to

built.
RESIDUAL HEAD
High residual head will cause accelerated erosion.this results
in interior erosion of the pipe leading to low discharge due to
friction loss.

Fig.pipe eroded at bent due to high Fig.erosion of interior of pipe due to

flow rate. high flow rate.
Source:researchgate.net Source:youtube.com
To Prevent Residual Loss :-
a) Absolute minimum: 5 meters

b) Most desirable: 15 meters

c) Absolute maximum: 56 meters

The static pressure when the tap is

closed must not exceed the pressure
rating of the pipe.
A wooden standpost may be constructed of brick, wood,
stone, or using mortar or dry stone masonry.

Fig.9-11 Masonry Standpost

Construction of standpost
A post supporting a 15mm
mild steel riser pipe from the A stand on which bucket is
pipeline upto a bibcock. placed.

Components of stand posts

Gutter and drainage to a soak

A apron to collect spillage. way to prevent the breeding of
mosquitoes and to keep area
clean.
 Masonry Types of Wooden
standpost stand standpost
post

Fig.9-11 Masonry Standpost Fig.9.12-Temporary wooden PSP Fig.9.13-wooden

standpost
 Masonry Standpost

• A masonry stand post is made

of cement mortar.

• It should have supporting

column of 50cm*50cm around
the G.I. pipe.

• The faucet should not extrude more than 30cm.

• Footing should be embedded 30cm below the ground.

• A non erodable drainage channel should carry the waste

water to a suitable dainage point.
Wooden Standpost

• A wooden standpost donot

have long lifetime as
masonry standpostsl,due to
moist environment that
promotes rotting.

• It consists a 15cm square

minimally by 100cm longer
than the height of the
faucet. source:Researchgate

• G.I. pipe is installed into the wooden plank by nailing with

iron staples nails.
How to make a more permanent wooden standpost ?

ANS.
 The post of same size is provided.

 A channel cut in the back of it so that G.I. pipe can be

installed inside of it.

 A wooden cap over the top of post is provided to prevent

seeping of water into the wood.

 Sorrounding area of post should be slated to minimize

seepage into the ground.
 The post should be set into the bed of gravel,and
backfilled with more gravel.

 Wood preservative should be used to paint the post.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM
Operation refers to the routine activities and procedures such
as distribution, treatment, etc. that are implemented by
authorized personnel to ensure that the water supply
system is working efficiently.
Maintenance refers to the planned or reactive technical
activities which are carried out to ensure that all the assets
are functioning effectively.
Maintenance is the regular process of surveillance and major
repair may be needed in the future if maintenance is
neglected.
Repair refers to the process of putting the system into good
condition after damage or wear.
Maintenance should also include possible improvements to
the system to bring it up to new standards.
OBJECTIVES OF OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
To ensure the smooth and uninterrupted running of
water supply system.

To provide sustainable, equitable, consistent, adequate,

economic and safe water.

For increased longevity of overall supply system.

 FIG: MAINTENANCE OF WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM
Requirements for operation and maintenance:
Quality design and construction.
Availability of spares and tools for maintenance.
Sound financial management system.
Preparation of plan for O&M.
Community involvement.
Monitoring and evaluating the O&M process with follow up programmes.
Trained workers.
Methods of maintenance:

i) Preventive maintenance
involves frequent inspection at
regular intervals as precaution
to be taken to prevent any
breakdown of the system.
maintains and keeps the
infrastructure in good
conditions.
Examples of preventive
maintenance include network
inspection, flushing of the
well, cleaning and greasing of
mechanical parts and
replacement of items with a
limited lifespan.
ii) Corrective maintenance:

Task performed to identify, isolate

and rectify a fault in the system.

System should be restored to

operational conditions within the
tolerance limits.

Examples include reallocation of

pipe route or replacement of
faulty pump.
iii) Reactive maintenance:

•Emergency maintenance carried out as a result of

reaction to a crisis or public complaints.

•Occurs due to failures, malfunctioning or breakdown

of equipment, pipe or other structures.

•It impacts assets performance and is highly expensive.

•Likely to be needed during peak operating periods.

 Institutional Arrangement for maintenance:
Institutional structure and distribution of responsibilities should be
defined in order to manage the maintenance program
effectively.
NWSC(Nepal Water Supply Corporation) is the responsible
organization for the implementation of water supply systems
including O&M in 22 sub-metropolitan and municipalities of
Nepal.
In Kathmandu valley, KUKL( Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani
Limited) is responsible for the implementation and O&M of
water supply systems.
Small towns and rural areas of Nepal are under the jurisdiction of
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage(DWSS).
DWSS along with its regional, divisional and sub-divisional offices
in all 75 districts of Nepal carries the implementation of water
supply systems through various committees and technicians.
a) User’s Committee
Responsible for all O&M activities.
Consists of nine democratically elected members of which at least two shall
be women.
Its responsibilities are:
Operations, maintenance, management and repair of the water supply
scheme.
Protect the scheme from social and environment damage.
Establish and collect fees for VMW’s pay and public standposts.
Held responsible for interruption of the water supply due to lack of proper
management, O&M, and repair except for repairs that are necessary due
to natural disasters and other causes beyond the UC’s control.
Organizing volunteer labour, collecting local materials, and other resources for
repair work.
Transportation of locally not available materials.
Send updated maintenance status report to DWSO every month.
Maintaining a scheme file containing all correspondence, account, store
records and O&M work,etc.
b) Village Maintenance Worker(VMW):
Carries out the maintenance activities for the water supply scheme.
Generally, VMWs are local users of the system who has received proper
training and support and DWSO.
His/her responsibilities are:
Performing routine O&M inspection of water supply and sanitation
facilities,
Operating water supply scheme,
Making repairs to the scheme,
Report to UC on the condition of the scheme,
Request village volunteer labour from UC to help with maintenance and
repair.
Safe keeping and proper use of all the scheme’s maintenance tools,
spare parts and materials,
Instructing and giving technical advice to the villagers on the building and
use of household latrines.
c) Maintenance and Sanitation Technician(MST):
Link between DWSO and the individual User Committees,
Should be experienced and competent, a good motivator and
communicator,
Undertakes maintenance status survey of the scheme of the
district.
Has skills in all the construction methods used on water supply
schemes.
Her/His responsibilities are:
Conduct village UC meeting on O&M at least twice a year.
Provide on site training to UC and VMW.
Form UC if none,
Help appoint a VMW and form SUGs, if none,
Promote sanitation activities in the community,
d) Standpost User Group(SUG):
Specific users consisting of caretaker and two women health
volunteers,
Sanitation and maintenance unit for their standpost to ensure that
no part of the water system is over looked by the UC or VMW,
Its responsibilities are:
Maintenance and cleaning of standpost and surrounding areas,
Suppoting the VMW with his tasks,
Collect money, local materials and volunteer labor for standpost
repairs,
Collect remunerations from standpost beneficiaries for paying the
system’s VMW,
Follow-up on the UC and VMW to ensure that they are doing their
jobs,
Promote sanitation and hygiene among the users.