Cmq101 m4 l2 PSG Final

LESSON 2
Statistical Sampling
15November2013
Lesson Introduction
Given a surveillance requirement, the student will be

able to apply statistical sampling techniques to supplier
contract activities.
Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 2

Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Relate the importance of sampling to Quality Assurance (QA)
surveillance responsibilities.
 Distinguish between Inspection by Attributes and Inspection by
Variables.
 Distinguish between the three types of inspection: Normal,
Reduced, and Tightened.
 Outline the internal Defense Contract Management Agency
(DCMA) process of Zero-based sampling.
 Use randomization tools to generate random numbers for a
simple random sample.

Lesson Objectives (cont.)
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Differentiate between simple, systematic, cluster, and stratified
sampling techniques.
 Interpret information presented on Zero-based sampling
system tables.
 Interpret information presented on American National
Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Society for Quality (ASQ)
Z1.4-2008 sampling system tables.
 Interpret information presented on Military Standard (MIL-
STD)-1916 sampling system tables.
 Determine whether to initiate acceptance or non-acceptance
activities based on sampling results.
Lesson Topics
This lesson will cover the following topics:

 Importance of Sampling to QA
 Inspection by Attribute vs. Inspection by Variable
 Three types of Inspection Under a Sampling Plan
 Zero-Based Sampling
 Generating Random Sample Numbers
 Simple, Systematic, Cluster, and Stratified Sampling Techniques
 Interpreting Zero-Based Sampling System Tables
 Interpreting ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008 Sampling System Tables
 Interpreting MIL-STD-1916 Sampling System Tables
 Initiating Acceptance and Non acceptance Activities

WIIFM?
This lesson is important because:

 Zero-Based sampling is a tool used to ensure suppliers present
and the Quality Assurance Specialist (QAS) accepts
conforming product
 DCMA policy to use
– Zero-based sampling
– Random sampling techniques
– Statistically valid sampling plan
 Multiple sampling plans exist, including:
– ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008
– MIL-STD 1916

DCMA Policy
 Use Zero-Based Sampling

 Use random sampling techniques
 Use statistically valid sampling plans
 Ensure supplier:
– Meets contractual requirements
– Understands and uses statistically valid
sampling plans
If product examination is determined the appropriate

surveillance method, the QAS should verify supplier’s
conformance by sampling.

Sampling Terms (1 of 4)
Sampling System - collection of sampling schemes indexed by lot-size

ranges, inspection levels, and Acceptable Quality Levels (AQLs) (i.e.,
ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008)
DCMA Policy: The QAS will use zero-based sampling unless otherwise
stated in a QALI.
Sampling System
Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 11 Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 11
Sampling Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 22 Sampling Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 22
Scheme Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 33 Scheme Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 33
Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 44 Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 44

Sampling Scheme - combination of sampling plans with switching

rules and provision for discontinuance of inspection (i.e.,
Normal, Reduced, or Tightened)
Individual Sampling Plan - plan stating sample size(s) and

acceptance criteria (i.e., AQL)
Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 11
Sampling Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 22
Scheme Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 33
Sample
Sample Plan
Plan 44

Attribute - a characteristic or property appraised in terms of whether it does

or does not exist, (e.g., go or no go) with respect to a given requirement
Characteristic - a physical, chemical, visual, functional, or any other

identifiable property of a product, material, or unit identified by the product
specification, standard, drawing, etc.
Defect - a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended level or state

that occurs with a severity sufficient to cause an associated product or service
not to satisfy intended normal, or foreseeable, usage requirements
(ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008)
Nonconformity - a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended level

or state that occurs with a severity sufficient to cause an associated product
or service not to meet a specification requirement; a unit of product that
contains one or more defects (ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008)
Lot or Batch - shall mean “inspection lot” or “inspection batch,” i.e., a

collection of units of product from which a sample is drawn and inspected to
determine conformance with the acceptability criteria, and may differ from a
collection of units designated as a lot or batch for other purposes (e.g.,
production, shipment, etc.) (ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008)
Lot or Batch Size - the number of units of product in a lot or batch
Homogeneity - manufactured under essentially the same conditions and
essentially at the same time

Acceptable Quality Level (AQL)
Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) - the quality level that is the worst
tolerable process average when a continuing series of lots is
submitted for acceptance sampling.
Process Average - the average percent of nonconforming or

average number of nonconformities per hundred units
(whichever is applicable) of product submitted by the supplier
for original inspection.
Number Nonconforming
Percent Nonconforming = X 100
Number of Units Inspected
Number Nonconformities
Nonconformities per X X 100
Hundred Units Number of Units Inspected
Note: One or more nonconformities being possible in any unit

IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLING TO QA
Lesson Topics:
1) Importance of Sampling to QA
2) Inspection by Attribute vs. Inspection by Variable
3) Three Types of Inspection Under a
Sampling Plan
4) Zero-Based Sampling
5) Generating Random Sample Numbers
6) Simple, Systematic, Cluster, and Stratified Sampling
Techniques
7) Interpreting Zero-Based Sampling System Tables
8) Interpreting ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008 Sampling System Tables
9) Interpreting MIL-STD-1916 Sampling System Tables
10) Initiating Acceptance and Non Acceptance Activities
Topic1: Importance of Sampling to QA
Mr. Shields: Statistical Sampling

Importance
What is Sampling?
The term, “Sample,” refers to a portion of a population that is

representative of the population from which it was selected.
The sample is a subset of the population.
Population
Sample

What is Acceptance Sampling?
 Acceptance sampling is selecting and

inspecting only a representative
smaller subset (sample) selected from
a larger lot or batch (population), for
the purpose of making an
accept/reject decision of an entire lot
or batch based on the inspection
results of the sample only.
 Acceptance sampling is used by
suppliers and DCMA to validate
product quality.

Why Should We Sample?
Accurate
Assessment
of the
Population
Saves Cost
Time Effective
Why
Sampling
100% Not
Customer
Always
Requests
Possible
Random Sampling
Mr. Shields: Random Sampling Example

What is Random Sampling?
 The term Random Sampling refers to a sampling procedure where every

unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected as part of the
sample
 The objective of the sampling procedure is to ensure that the final
samples to be measured or tested are representative of the population
from which they were taken
Zero-Based Sampling Plans
 Zero-Based sampling plans

– Lot is accepted when zero defects are discovered
– Lot is not accepted when one defect is discovered
 These type plans are also referred to as:
− Acceptance equals 0 (C=0)
− Zero-Based Acceptance (ZBA)
− Accept on Zero (AoZ)
 During product examination
– Use statistically valid sampling systems
– Measure product characteristics
– Ensure compliance with manufacturing specification requirements

Sampling Risks
Acceptance of Nonconforming Product
Non-Acceptance of Conforming
Product
Because the “lot” disposition is based on sample results, there is a probability of
making an incorrect disposition concerning “lot” acceptance.
INSPECTION BY ATTRIBUTE VS.
INSPECTION BY VARIABLE
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 2: Inspection by Attribute vs.
Inspection by Variable
GO
NO GO
Attribute Variable

Inspection by Attributes
 Inspection, whereby either the unit of product is classified

simply as conforming or nonconforming, or the number of
nonconformities in the unit of products is counted, with respect
to a given requirement or set of requirements (ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-
2008)
 Documentation examples include:
– Good/Bad
– Pass/Fail
– Yes/No
– Go/No go

Inspection by Variables
 Inspection wherein certain quality characteristics of sample are

evaluated with respect to a continuous numerical scale and
expressed as precise points along this scale.
 Variables inspection identifies the degree of conformance or
nonconformance of the characteristic to the specified
requirements.
 Documentation examples include:
– Dimension
– Weight
– Pressure

THREE TYPES OF
INSPECTION UNDER A
SAMPLING PLAN
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 3: Three Types of
Inspection Under a Sampling
Plan
 Normal Inspection
 Reduced Inspection
 Tightened Inspection

Types of Inspection
Normal Inspection
 Inspection under a sampling plan that is used when there is no evidence
that the quality of the product being submitted is better or poorer than
the specified quality level (ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008)
Reduced Inspection
 Inspection under a sampling plan using the same quality level as normal
inspection, but requiring a smaller sample for inspection
Tightened Inspection
 Inspection under a sampling plan using the same quality level as normal
inspection, but requiring more stringent acceptance criteria

ZERO-BASED SAMPLING
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 4: Zero-Based Sampling
Process overview includes making determinations of:

 Population
 Criteria
 Method
 Sample size
 Execute
 Decisions

Zero-Based Sampling Process
Overview

Zero-Based Sampling Process Details
Contractual products or services

 To be provided by contract requirement
Population may represent
 Product during manufacturing or in-process product examination
 Product final acceptance
Presented after supplier has determined product quality
 After supplier’s inspection or test
May be divided into subsets
 Units by machine/units, by shift/units, by day/units, by customer

Identify and document the product characteristics or

specification requirements to be examined by sampling
Determine the product acceptance criteria for each:
 Product characteristic to be examined
 Specification requirement to be validated
The product characteristics, features, or specification

requirements elected must be present and examinable
in/on every product unit in the population and sample

(1 of 3)
Determine contractual (supplier) sampling requirement:

 ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008/MIL-STD-1916/Government approved plan
Use zero acceptance number sampling plans (Squeglia)

 Unless directed by the customer [Quality Assurance Letter of
Instruction (QALI)]
Use contract or DCMA criteria for determining AQL
Select sample size per the sampling system tables
Identify accept/reject number from system tables
 Zero-Based (C=0) when not contractually mandated

(2 of 3)
Samples are selected independent of supplier's sample

When AQL is not specified in contract or QALI:
 AQL=0.4 - All critical characteristics on CSI
 AQL=1.0 – Complex/critical products and/or CSI significant
characteristics
 AQL=4.0 – Non-complex/non-critical product
Sample size is determined by the AQL and lot size

(3 of 3)
Sample selection is dependent on lot formation

 Identified by product serial number, production number, some
other form of identification
 Identified by shift, by machine, by operator, by model, by
customer designation
Product unit identification

 Allows for randomization using tables of random numbers
 Random sampling shall be used even without unit identification
or traceability

Zero-based Sampling Plan: AQL Chart

Zero-based Sampling Plan: Example

Product Examination Sheet Sampler
Tab
Product Examination Sheet
also contains an automated
Zero-Based AQL chart that
identifies sample size.
Product
Product Examination
Examination Sheet
Sheet

Question and Answer
What is the sample size if the lot size
is 285 and it is a critical characteristic
for the product which is a critical
safety item?
A. 125
B. 48
C. 29
D. 11
Select the graphic to view the chart.

Question and Answer
What is the sample size if the

lot size is 35,000 and the
product is a non-complex item?
A. 60
B. 315
C. 108
D. 29

Random Sampling Process Details
Common techniques include:

 Simple random sampling
 Systematic sampling
 Cluster sampling
 Stratified sampling
The sampling technique will always be random

 Randomization is DCMA policy
− The use of a random number generator is preferred
− The use of Microsoft Excel random number generator is easy
Method used should be documented in surveillance plan

The Product Examination Policy page includes a project for

Helpful QA Tools and provides:
 1711 Random Generator tool
 Random Generator 5 (Excel© spreadsheet)
www.Random.org
(for other random generators)

GENERATING RANDOM SAMPLE
NUMBERS
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 5: Generating Random Sample
Numbers
Microsoft Excel
Random Generator
Random.org

Random Sampling Process Details
Simple random sampling is a sample in which every

member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected
 Small sample sizes
- Use Microsoft Excel© Random Generator (preferred)
- Other forms of random sampling based on probability
 Larger samples sizes
- Use Microsoft Excel© Random Number Generator

Using Excel to Generate Random
Numbers
Randomization Example
Zero Acceptance Number Sampling Plan
C=0 AQL = 1.0
Lot Size = 25 Sample Size = 13

Numbers
Determine a way to individualize the product unit

for sampling purposes. This could be a serial
number, supplier identified number, or other unique
number used to ID or track the unit. Use the copy
and paste function to import information from the
supplier’s documentation.
C=0 AQL = 1.0

Numbers
Enter the random number generator

formula =RAND() into the cells
adjacent to the serial number used.
C=0 AQL = 1.0

Numbers
Use the mouse to highlight both rows

of cells containing the serial numbers
(in this example) and the random
numbers. Highlighting keeps column
A and B together as a pair.
C=0 AQL = 1.0

Numbers
After highlighting columns A and B,

select the Sort icon and sort on the
column containing the random
numbers (in the example, it is B).
C=0 AQL = 1.0

Numbers
Notice that the list of serial numbers has

also been sorted to correspond with the
random number sort. The product units
have been randomly sorted.
C=0 AQL = 1.0

Numbers
Using Simple Random Sampling

techniques, this is the sample of 13
product units to be examined.
C=0 AQL = 1.0

Using Random.Org Random Number
Generator
www.random.org/intergers/
www.random.org/intergers/

Practice
Practice using www.random.org/integers/ to obtain a

random sample.
 Lot size of 1200.
 Sample size of 34.

SIMPLE, SYSTEMATIC, CLUSTER, AND
STRATIFIED SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 6: Simple, Systematic, Cluster,
and Stratified Sampling Techniques
Four Sampling Techniques
 Simple
 Systematic
 Cluster
 Stratified

Zero-Based Sampling Process Details:
Simple
Simple random sampling is a sampling from an entire

population
 It is highly representative if each member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected
 Requires complete list of population numbers

Systematic
In systematic sampling, every Kth member of the

population is chosen for the sample, with the value of
K being approximately:
N (size of population)
=K
n+1 (n = sample size)
 Random number generator can be used to determine starting

point (unit) of pulling the sample
 Results in less time and money spent

Systematic (cont.)
Example: 700 units in population with 34 as the sample size

=K
700
= 20
35

Cluster
A cluster sample is a simple random sample of groups or

clusters, of the population
 Each unit of the chosen clusters would be part of the final sample
 To be effective, it is assumed that each cluster selected for the
sample is representative of the population at large
 A cluster is a miniaturized version of the overall population

Cluster (cont.)
40K Gloves (population)
4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000
10 Crates (clusters) containing 4000 gloves each
Sample size = 3
10 10 9
Total of 29 samples

Stratified
A stratified sample is obtained by dividing the

population into mutually exclusive groups or strata, and
randomly sampling from each of these groups
 Independent samples are randomly selected from each strata
 Each strata is sampled as an independent sub-population

Stratified (cont.)
40K Gloves (population)

Strata 20K 10K 10K
L M S
29 22 22 Sample Size
The entire lot (40K) must be homogeneous/like products produced

under similar conditions

Question and Answer
Using the cluster sampling technique,
how many crates would be selected
from which to pull your samples?
Example: 5000 population, 10 crates of
500 each, AQL of .40
A. 13
B. 10
C. 8
D. 3

Question and Answer
How many samples are required to
represent the entire population?
Example: 5000 population, 10 clusters
of 500 each, AQL of 1.0
A. 130
B. 100
C. 50
D. 13

INTERPRETING ZERO-BASED
SAMPLING SYSTEM TABLES
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 7: Interpreting Zero-based
Sampling System Tables
When using zero-based sampling, use the AQL chart to
determine sample size.

Zero-Based Sampling Plan, AQL Chart

Operating Characteristic Curve Chart

Tabulated Values for Operating
Characteristic Curves for Single
Sampling Plans
Two risks associated with sampling.

1. Producers risk – the risk of rejecting product with satisfactory quality.
2. Consumer risk – the risk of accepting product of unsatisfactory quality.
INTERPRETING MIL-STD-1916
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 8: Interpreting ANSI/ASQZ1.4-
2008 Sampling System Tables
ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008 Sampling is another sampling plan used in
some contracts.

ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008 Sampling
System Table Interpretation
ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008 is a sampling specification often specified in
contractual documents that:
 Is considered the replacement of MIL-STD-105E
 Is not Zero-Based
 Contains sampling schemes which include sampling plans
 Contains switching rules that are dependent upon previous lot
inspection/test results
Remember:
Even though these sampling plans have other accept/reject quantities in
them, DCMA uses Accept on Zero/Reject on one unless otherwise directed
by the customer.

ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008 Sampling System
Example: This is the first time a complex part is being offered for acceptance,
and there is a lot size of 100 units.
Find the code letter for this lot under “General Inspection Levels II”

ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008: Choose Sampling
Plan Type
Since this is the first time the supplier is offering this
complex part for acceptance, which sampling plan
(normal, tightened, or reduced) should be used?
START
NORMAL
(Reference Switching Rules for ANSI Z1.4 System)

ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008: Choose AQL
Which AQL should be used?

ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008: Number of
Samples Required

Samples Required (cont.)
The supplier has now produced 10 consecutive lots of this part
without nonconformities and its production is steady. The
supplier switches to reduced sampling level. How many samples
are required?

Switching Rules
• Preceding 10 lots
accepted START
• Total nonconforming
less than limit number 2 of 5 or fewer
(optional)
• Production steady consecutive lots
• Approved by are not accepted
responsible authority
REDUCE NORMAL TIGHTENE

D D
• Lot not accepted
• Lot accepted but
nonconformities 5 consecutive lots
found lie between Ac
and Re of plan
accepted
• Production irregular 5 lots not accepted
• Other conditions while on Tightened
warrant inspection
When switching from normal to tightened or reduced Discontinue

inspection under
inspection, the sample size changes but not the AQL. Z1.4

ANSI/ASQZ1.4-2008: Choose Sampling
Plan Type
The supplier had been doing so well that the Government increased the
orders from the supplier. To keep up with demand, the supplier had to
purchase another milling machine. Now the last three lots have had defects.
The supplier was using Reduced sampling, which sampling plan should the
supplier be using now?
CT CT
REDUCED NORMAL TIGHTENE
E JE E JE D
R R
1 defective lot
2 defective lots

Samples Required (cont.)
How many samples will be required for Tightened; Lot of 100?

Exercise: ANSI-ASQ Z1.4 Sampling
Example
 Students read the scenario and use the associated
tables to determine answers.
 Open CMQ101_M4_L2_E1_ANSI_ASQ.pdf file.
 Answer questions on the following screens using the
polling device.
 Time: 15 minutes

Question and Answer
The initial lot is ready to

inspect. What is the sample
size?
A. 50
B. 125
C. 315
D. All

Question and Answer
Ten (10) consecutive lots have

been found conforming.
According to switching rules,
what is the sample size?
A. 50
B. 80
C. 125
D. 200

Question and Answer
After being at reduced

inspection, 3 lots have been
found nonconforming.
A. 315
B. 200
C. 125
D. 80

INTERPRETING MIL-STD-1916
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 9: Interpreting MIL-STD-1916
Sampling System Tables
 Contains three sampling plans:
− Attributes
− Variables
− Continuous
 Separates intensity of sampling
into Verification Levels (VL) based
upon criticality of product
characteristics
 Normal, Reduced, and Tightened
switching rules are the same as
ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008
2 defective lots

MIL-STD-1916: Sample Size
What sample size would be used for a 5000 pc lot at Verification

Level IV?
Step 1:

MIL-STD-1916: Sample Size (cont.)
What sample size would be used for a 5000 pc lot at Verification

Level IV?
Step 2:

MIL-STD-1916: Nonconformities
Solution
If this lot and the next lot both contain nonconformities, what
must the supplier do, according to MIL-STD-1916?
Initiate Corrective Action

and Tighten Sampling

MIL-STD-1916: Sample Size for
Tightened Plan
Still using the D code letter, what would the sample size be for a
5000 pc lot, specified as Verification Level IV, using Tightened
Inspection?

Exercise: MIL-STD-1916 Sampling
Example
 Students read the scenario and use the associated
tables to determine answers.
 Open CMQ101_M4_L2_E2_MIL_STD.pdf file.
 Answer questions on the following screens using the
polling device.
 Time: 15 minutes

Question and Answer
The initial lot is ready to

inspect. What is the sample
size?
A. 48
B. 128
C. 320
D. All

Question and Answer
Ten (10) consecutive lots have

been found conforming.
A. 48
B. 80
C. 96
D. 320

Question and Answer
After being at reduced

inspection, 3 of the last 5 lots
are found nonconforming.
A. 48
B. 128
C. 320
D. All

INITIATING ACCEPTANCE AND NON
ACCEPTANCE ACTIVITIES
Lesson Topics:
Sampling Plan
Techniques
Topic 10: Initiating
Acceptance and Non
acceptance Activities
 Execute
– Perform sampling
– Document results
 Decisions
– Acceptance
– Non-acceptance

Sampling Process Details (1 of 4)
Perform examination of the product characteristics,

features, or specification requirements as identified in the
GCQA surveillance plan
 Accept/reject number from sampling system tables
− Zero-Based (C=0) - accept on 0 defects, reject on 1 defect
Document the results of the examinations in accordance

with agency policy requirements
 Adjust risk assessment based on results
 Update GCQA surveillance plan accordingly

Notify the supplier of the results

 Accept/non-accept decision
Verify supplier’s compliance with:
 Lot rejection
 Requirements concerning lot screening
 Defect investigation
 Product replacement
 Corrective action

When using Zero-Based sampling, the entire lot is rejected

when one (1) defect is found in the sample
 The supplier shall tender to the Government for acceptance only
supplies that have been inspected in accordance with the
inspection system and have been found by the supplier to be in
conformity with contract requirements… The supplier shall
remove supplies rejected or required to be corrected.
Adjust sampling levels as provided for in sampling system or
policy

Initiated inspection levels will start at normal

 Unless specified in the sampling system
Switching rules
 As specified in the sampling system
If not specified
1 Lot nonconforming 2 Lots nonconforming

out of 5 or less
Reduced
Reduced Normal
Normal Tightened
Inspection
Inspection Inspection
Inspection Inspection
10 consecutive conforming Lots 5 consecutive conforming Lots
Switching increases or reduces sample size, not quality standards

Summary (1 of 3)
Having completed this lesson, you should now

understand:
 Sampling is important to ensure acceptance of
conforming product.
 Two types of inspection: Attribute and Variable
 Three levels of inspection: normal, reduced, and
tightened.
 DCMA process for sampling must be used.
 Use of a random number generator preferred; DCMA
QA policy includes links to random number generator
tools.
 DCMA policy mandates zero-based sampling unless
otherwise specified by the customer.

Summary (2 of 3)

understand:
 Sampling techniques:
– Simple
– Systematic
– Cluster
– Stratified
 Zero-based sampling system tables:
– CSI critical characteristics use AQL of 0.40%
– Complex/critical products or DCMA identified
significant characteristics use AQL of 1.0%
– Non-complex/non-critical products use AQL of 4.0%

Summary (3 of 3)

understand:
 ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008 sampling system tables:
– General inspection levels II is the starting point unless
otherwise specified
– Separate AQL tables for normal, reduced, and tightened
– Switching rules apply
 Military Standard (MIL-STD)-1916 sampling system
tables:
– Includes 3 sampling plans for attributes, variables and
continuous
– Verification levels instead of AQLs
– Same switching rules as ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008
 When using zero-based sampling, entire lot is rejected
when one defect is found.
Questions

Review Question 1
Which is NOT a reason to

sample?
A. 100% inspection is not possible

B. Saves time and money
C. Each product must be inspected
D. Customer requests it

Review Question 2
What type of sampling plan is

required by DCMA policy?
A. Simple
B. Zero-based
C. ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008
D. MIL-STD 1916

Review Question 3
What AQL is required for a

Critical Safety Item (CSI) critical
characteristic?
A. .040%
B. 0.40%
C. 4.0%
D. 1.0%

Review Question 4
What sampling technique

requires a complete list of
population numbers?
A. Simple
B. Systematic
C. Cluster
D. Stratified

Review Question 5
What is an appropriate
technique when sampling
large quantities presented
in numerous crates?
A. Simple
B. Systematic
C. Cluster
D. Stratified

Review Question 6
Which technique uses the

equation displayed here?
=K
A. Simple
B. Systematic
C. Cluster
D. Stratified

Review Question 7
Inspection level for initial

inspection starts at _________.
A. Normal
B. Reduced
C. Tightened
D. Variable

Review Question 8
At normal inspection with 2

nonconforming lots, what is
the next step?
A. Continue at normal inspection level;

notify supplier
B. Switch to reduced inspection level;
initiate corrective action
C. Initiate corrective action; switch to
tightened inspection level
D. Switch to tightened inspection level for
1 lot; back to normal
Review Question 9
After 10 consecutive
conforming lots at normal
inspection, switch to
_____________.
A. Normal
B. Reduced
C. Tightened
D. Variable

Review Question 10
When changing from

Normal to Reduced or
Tightened inspection, the
QAS is _______________.
A. Changing the AQL

B. Changing the lot size
C. Changing the population size
D. Changing the sample size

Review Question 11
When is a lot rejected if using

the Zero-based plan?
A. 0 defects
B. 1 defect
C. 2 non critical defects
D. 2 defects

Exercise: Sampling Plan
 Students work in pairs to answer the questions in the

exercise.
 Open CMQ101_M4_L2_E3_SamplingPlan.pdf file.

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LESSON 2

Given a surveillance requirement, the student will be

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 2

Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 3

Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

This lesson will cover the following topics:

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 5

This lesson is important because:

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 6

 Use Zero-Based Sampling

If product examination is determined the appropriate

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 7

Sampling System - collection of sampling schemes indexed by lot-size

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 8

Sampling Scheme - combination of sampling plans with switching

Individual Sampling Plan - plan stating sample size(s) and

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 9

Attribute - a characteristic or property appraised in terms of whether it does

Characteristic - a physical, chemical, visual, functional, or any other

Defect - a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended level or state

Nonconformity - a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended level

Lot or Batch - shall mean “inspection lot” or “inspection batch,” i.e., a

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 11

Process Average - the average percent of nonconforming or

Note: One or more nonconformities being possible in any unit

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 12

Mr. Shields: Statistical Sampling

The term, “Sample,” refers to a portion of a population that is

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 15

 Acceptance sampling is selecting and

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 16

Mr. Shields: Random Sampling Example

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 18

 The term Random Sampling refers to a sampling procedure where every

 Zero-Based sampling plans

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 20

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 23

 Inspection, whereby either the unit of product is classified

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 24

 Inspection wherein certain quality characteristics of sample are

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 25

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 27

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 28

Process overview includes making determinations of:

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 30

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 31

Contractual products or services

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 32

Identify and document the product characteristics or

The product characteristics, features, or specification

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 33

Determine contractual (supplier) sampling requirement:

Use zero acceptance number sampling plans (Squeglia)

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 34

Samples are selected independent of supplier's sample

Sample size is determined by the AQL and lot size

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 35

Sample selection is dependent on lot formation

Product unit identification

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 36

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 37

Module 4, Lesson 2: Statistical Sampling 38