PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J.

Sullivan, Marist College

Respiratory Allergies

Oleh:
Akhmad Fauziannoor

Supervisor:
Prof. DR.dr. Harsoyo N, Sp.AK
Dr. Wistiani, Msi.Med, Sp.AK
Dr. Galuh Hardaningsih, Msi.Med, Sp.A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
 Back Ground
 Respiratory allergies are increasing worldwide.
 Around 20% of people in Europe suffer from allergic rhinitis
(15%- 20% of whom are affected by a severe form of the
disease), where as asthma is estimated to affect 5%-12% of
people in Europe.
 Children and adolescent more commonly affected
 Boys > in childhood.
 These diseases are the first cause of loss of workdays and
may even impair school performance.

1. Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report
of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126:S1–S58
What is Human Respiration?
 The human respiratory system allows one to
obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
 Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration
and expiration
 Inspiration- the process of taking in air
(O2)
 Expiration- the process of blowing out air
(CO2)
Human Respiratory System

Figure 10.1
Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

 Passageway for respiration

 Receptors for smell
 Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
 Moistens and warms incoming air
 Resonating chambers for voice (voice box)
Components of the Lower
Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.3
 Lower Respiratory Tract
 Functions:
 Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food
and air appropriately, assists in sound production
 Trachea: transports air to and from lungs

 Bronchi: branch into lungs

 Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

 Alveoli: Gas exchange occurs

 What is Allergy?
 “Allergy” and “allergic disease”  conditions that involve
changes to your immune system; two categories:
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated and Non-IgE-mediated
 Any substance that causes your body’s immune system to
overreact and produce antibodies against it is called an
allergen.

The most common sources of allergens are:

• house dust mites,pollens, pets, fungal or mould spores , food
(particularly milk, eggs, wheat, soya, seafood, fruit and nuts) , wasp and
bees stings ,some medicines ,latex , household chemicals (irritants such
as detergents and fragrances)
Types of allergy and
symptoms
 Respiratory allergies: allergic rhinoconjunctivitis
and allergic asthma, which cause wheezing,
coughing, shortness of breath, sneezing, runny nose
and sinus problems, and also red, watery and itching
eyes.
 Skin allergy (dermatitis): atopic dermatitis (eczema)
and contact dermatitis, which mainly cause skin rash.
 Other allergies: food allergies and insect venom,
which cause different types of reactions that in some
cases may be life-threatening (anaphylaxis).
 Prevalence Respiratory Allergic
 Respiratory allergies are the most common allergies
in Europe and worldwide.
 Allergic rhinitis (with or without conjunctivitis)
affects 5%–50% of the population worldwide
among which 15% to 20% suffer from a severe
form of the disease and its prevalence is increasing.
 It is estimated that allergic asthma affects 5%–12%
of people in Europe.
 Congestion and Inflammation:
Adverse Clinical Impact in Upper
Respiratory Disease
Allergic rhinitis

Nasal polyps Asthma with AR

Congestion
Inflammation

Sleep disturbance, Common cold

including sleep-
disordered breathing

Rhinosinusitis (acute and chronic)

 Inflammatory process links upper and
lower airways
A survey of 99 patients followed up for 10 years after the initial
diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma or both, showed that:
 32% of rhinitis patients developed asthma;
 50% of patients with asthma alone developed rhinitis.
A number of studies from around the world have shown that:
 70-90% of patients with asthma have concomitant rhinitis;
 40-50% of patients with allergic rhinitis have concomitant
allergic asthma.
Sinusitis has been shown in different studies to occur in up to:
 20-60% of children with asthma;50% of patients with inhalant
allergies.
Airway hyperresponsiveness, measured by methacholine challenge,
has been demonstrated in:15-65% of patients with allergic rhinitis.

Mona Al-Ahmad, MD. Mona Al-Ahmad MBBCh FRCPC. Combined Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma
Syndrome. Department of Allergy, Al-Rashed Allergy Center Kuwait. 2004
 Diagnoses respiratory allergies

Ananmesis: Supporting
investigation:
specific questions Physical
examination Skin prick tests and
clinical history
blood tests to
measure specific IgE
Treatment
Common
inflammatory
process links
upper and lower
airways

Asthma and
allergic rhinitis
commonly
co-exist

In concomitant disease,
experts recommend evaluation
and treatment of one condition
to aid management of the
other
Terimakasih
 Mohon Asupan