Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared by
1. Physical Parameter
a) Colour
b) Temperature
c) Velocity
d) Conductivity
e) Turbidity
f) Residue – TDS ( Total Dissolve Solid)
2. Chemical Parameter
a) pH
b) Alkalinity mg/L
c) Acidity mg/L
d) Total Hardness mg/Le) Chloride
f) DO ( Dissolve Oxygen)
g) BOD ( Biological Oxygen Demand)
h) COD
i) Free Co2
j) NH4 – N ( Ammonia N2)
k) Nitrate, Nitrite , Sulphate
l) Phosphate, Silicate
e) Chloride
f) ) Traces of Heavy Metals
h) Free Co2
i) NH4 – N ( Ammonia N2)
j) Nitrate, Nitrite , Sulphate
k) Phosphate, Silicate
l) Traces of Heavy Metals
3. Bacteriological
2 Odour - Unobjectionable -
3 Taste - Agreeable -
4 Turbidity NTU 5 10
5 pH value - 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation
Total hardness (as CaCO3)
6 mg/l 300 600
7 Iron mg/l 0.3 1
8 Chlorides mg/l 250 1000
9 Residual, free Chlorine mg/l 0.2 -
10 Dissolved Solids mg/l 500 2000
11 Calcium mg/l 75 200
12 Copper mg/l 0.05 1.5
13 Manganese mg/l 0.1 0.3
14 Sulphate mg/l 200 400
15 Nitrate mg/l 50 No relaxation
16 Fluoride mg/l 1 1.5
Parameter BIS Guideline General & Health effect
value
(maximum
allowable)
Total dissolved 2000 mg/L Undesirable taste; gastro intestinal irritations;
solids corrosion or incrustation
PH 6.5-8.5 Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste;
corrosion; affects aquatic life
Alkalinity 600 mg/L Boiled rice turns yellowish
Hardness 600 mg/L Poor lathering with soap; deterioration of the
quality of clothes; scale forming; skin
irritation;and food become poor in quality
Calcium 200 Poor lathering and deterioration of the quality
of clothes; scale formation
Magnesium 100 Poor lathering and deterioration of clothes
Iron 1.0 Poor or sometimes bitter taste, color and
turbidity; staining of clothes materials; iron
bacteria causing slime
Manganese 0.3 Poor taste, color and turbidity; staining; black
slime
Aluminum 0.2 Neurological disorders
Copper 1.5 Liver damage and depression; restricts growth
of aquatic plants
Ammonia - Indicates pollution; growth of algae
Nitrite - Forms nitrosoamines which are
carcinogenic
3. Vertical Flow
It is used in small treatment plant where the feed is applied at a point
along the bottom and clarified effluent is collected at the top.
Sludge is settled in lower part of the tank though which the suspension
rises.
Types of Settling :
a) Discrete Settling:
In this particles do not interfere with one another and their size,
shape, mass remain constant during settling.
b) Flocculent Settling :
In this particles agglomerated during settling thus do not have
constant characteristics.
This types of phenomena is closely observed in primary clarifier . The
opportunity of coalescence increase with increase in bed depth.
c) Zone Settling
This type of settling take place in secondary clarifier of the activated
sludge process where the suspension is dense and particles are so
closely spaced that the velocity field of fluid displaced by adjacent
particles during settling overlap.
DISINFECTION
• Water may be disinfected by physical or chemical means.
Physical disinfectants
boiling or irradiation, applied to the water which is then safe to drink.
After disinfection, water may be re-contaminated in household
handling or storage (see Fact Sheet 2.34).
Chemical Disinfectant
Some chemical disinfectants (such as chlorine and iodine) remain in
the water after application.
This residual of disinfectant in water is important because it can
minimize bacterial re-growth and the effects of re-contamination.
This is one of the reasons why chlorine is a very popular disinfectant
for drinking water
Chlorination
• Chlorine gas, hypochlorite, calcium
hypochlorite
• Chlorine has strong oxidizing power which
destroys the enzymatic processes necessary for
cell life.
– Cl2 + H2O HOCl + (H+) + (Cl-)
– HOCl is prime disinfecting agent
– At higher pH values
– HOCl (H+) + (OCl-)
– HOCl and OCl- together are called free available
chlorine
Waste water Treatment
When effluent discharged into a river body such as lake, river or sea a number
of process occur like physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water
change which cause loss of organism.
Large quantity of biodegradable waste can affect living organism in the water
bodies in which waste are discharged.
Clarification (Sedimentation)
Process of separating the settleable solids from the liquid
Some treatment systems employing two or more stages of
treatment and clarification, the terms primary, secondary, and
final clarification are used.
The actual physical sizing of the clarifier (depth, surface area,
inlet structure, etc.) is highly dependent upon the quantity and
composition of the flow.
- Physical Treatment
- Chemical Treatment
Oil, fatty acids and suspended solids could be removed by the use of
the following techniques:
1. Physical Treatment
a) Screening
b) Grit Chamber
c) Floatation or skimming tank
Chemical Treatment
- Sedimentation
- Coagulation
- Flocculation
- Filteration
The effluent is passed through the bar screens for rag removal.
In this section, two automatic bar screen cleaners remove large
solids (rags, plastics, etc.) from the raw sewage. The collected
material is placed in dumpsters to be taken later to the landfill
Grit Tanks:
Fats, waxes, fatty acid, soap, minerals and vegetable oil present in
waste water are collectively called as oil and grease. As oil and grease
are lighter than water they are normally separated by natural
floatation .
The bubbles of air are passed on the bottom of the tank and floating
matter rises and remain on the surface of waste water which can be
separated easily.
Neutralization
Involves adding an acid or a base to a wastewater to offset or
neutralize the effects of its counterpart in the wastewater flow,
namely, adding acids to alkaline wastewaters and bases to acidic
wastewaters.
Coagulation
- In plain sedimentation, the heavier particles settle down. However fine particles
take many hours or sometimes days to settle down.
- Colloidal particles which are fine particles of size finer than 0.0001 mm carry
electric charges on them.
- The water possesses colour which is mainly due to colloidal matter and dissolve
organic matter in water.
- The turbidity in water is mainly due to the presence of very fine particles of clay, silt
and organic matter.
- The apparatus used for filtration is called filter and the porous
material that fill the filter is known as filtering medium.
Rapid sand filter
Flocculators
In recent years flocculators or polyelectrolyte have widely been used.
Flocculates are organic high molecular weight compound comprising
many inorganic group.
It is the process in which microorganism play a very important role for the
treatment of effluent. Microorganism like bacteria, fungi decompose the
organic waste and convert into simpler form. The main function of secondary
treatment is to convert the reaming organic matter of sewage into stable form
by oxidation and nitrification.
1. Aerobic Treatment
a) Activated Sludge Process
b) Trickling Filter
c) Oxidation Pond or Lagoon
d) Rotating Biological
Anaerobic Treatment :
- This is most versatile biological oxidation process employed for the treatment of
waste water contain dissolve solid, collides, coarse solid and organic matter.
- Sewage or waste water from sedimentation tank enter into aeration tank. Here 20
– 30 % of active sludge is mixed. The mixture is aerated and mixed in the tank for
about 4 to 8 hours .
- An efficient aeration for 3 – 6 hour is occupied for sludge while for industrial waste
6 – 24 hour of aeration is required.
- This settled sewage has undergo aeration and has active microorganism. So some
portion of activated sludge is recalculated into the aeration tank.
The activated sludge is obtained by settling sewage in the presence of
excess oxygen. Thus activated sludge is that sludge which settle down
after the sewage has been freely aerated and agitated for a certain time.
New biological method have been introduced now days for waste
water treatment. The oxygen pond is shallow pond where waste
water is purified by action of algae and aerobic bacteria.
• About 40% of disc is submerged in the tank. The disc rotate in and
out of the water as the RBC rotates.
• The organism present in the disc absorb organic matter when they
are in water and obtain the required oxygen when the disc are out
of water.
b) Nitrogen Stripping
Nitrogen present in waste water is generally in the form of ammonia gas , nitrates
and nitrites. Ammonia is highly undesirable in streams and lakes because it is
extremely lethal to aquatic biota. Nitrogen eventually enhance Eutrophication
In order to remove nitrogen air is forced through the effluent which thereby result
in the removal of ammonia gas.
C) Chlorination
It is the process in which chlorine is used to kill micro-organism .The main purpose
of chlorination are
- To assist in the formation of floc in the process of coagulation together with
other chemical.
- To prevent corrosion of sewers.
- To prevent spread of epidemic.
d) Ultraviolet Light
e) Ozone:
1. Anaerobic digesters.
In the anaerobic digesters another group of bacteria begin to digest
and dissolve the solids to their basic components.
These solids are applied to agricultural land. The solids can also be taken
to a landfill.
• In the past electrodialysis was most often used for purifying brackish
water, but it is now finding a role in hazardous waste treatment.
• Metal salts from plating rinses are sometimes removed in this way.
• As shown in the figure two types of membranes (anionic and cationic)
are arranged alternatively to form many compartments between the
electrodes placed at the two ends.
• When the voltage is applied across the cell containing mineralised
water, the anions migrate to the positive electrode and the cations
• migrate to the negative electrode.
• The electric power requirement is proportional to the number of
ions removed from the water.
Removal of dissolved organic compounds:
• Adsorption:
• One of the most commonly used techniques for removing
organics involves the process of adsorption, which is the physical
adhesion of chemicals on to the surface of the solid.