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Presentation

Treatment of Drinking Water and Industrial


Waste Water
Waste Water or Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

Prepared by

KANCHAN DEOLI BAHUKHANDI


HSE DEPARTMENT, UPES
Water Quality Parameter

1. Physical Parameter

a) Colour
b) Temperature
c) Velocity
d) Conductivity
e) Turbidity
f) Residue – TDS ( Total Dissolve Solid)

2. Chemical Parameter

a) pH
b) Alkalinity mg/L
c) Acidity mg/L
d) Total Hardness mg/Le) Chloride
f) DO ( Dissolve Oxygen)
g) BOD ( Biological Oxygen Demand)
h) COD
i) Free Co2
j) NH4 – N ( Ammonia N2)
k) Nitrate, Nitrite , Sulphate
l) Phosphate, Silicate
e) Chloride
f) ) Traces of Heavy Metals
h) Free Co2
i) NH4 – N ( Ammonia N2)
j) Nitrate, Nitrite , Sulphate
k) Phosphate, Silicate
l) Traces of Heavy Metals

3. Bacteriological

Micro-organism , like viruses, bacteria, protozoa cause water borne disease.


WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AND DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
Drinking Water

IS: 10500 - 1991


Sl.
No. Parameters Units Desirable Maximum
1 Colour Hazen units 5 25

2 Odour - Unobjectionable -
3 Taste - Agreeable -
4 Turbidity NTU 5 10
5 pH value - 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation
Total hardness (as CaCO3)
6 mg/l 300 600
7 Iron mg/l 0.3 1
8 Chlorides mg/l 250 1000
9 Residual, free Chlorine mg/l 0.2 -
10 Dissolved Solids mg/l 500 2000
11 Calcium mg/l 75 200
12 Copper mg/l 0.05 1.5
13 Manganese mg/l 0.1 0.3
14 Sulphate mg/l 200 400
15 Nitrate mg/l 50 No relaxation
16 Fluoride mg/l 1 1.5
Parameter BIS Guideline General & Health effect
value
(maximum
allowable)
Total dissolved 2000 mg/L Undesirable taste; gastro intestinal irritations;
solids corrosion or incrustation
PH 6.5-8.5 Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste;
corrosion; affects aquatic life
Alkalinity 600 mg/L Boiled rice turns yellowish
Hardness 600 mg/L Poor lathering with soap; deterioration of the
quality of clothes; scale forming; skin
irritation;and food become poor in quality
Calcium 200 Poor lathering and deterioration of the quality
of clothes; scale formation
Magnesium 100 Poor lathering and deterioration of clothes
Iron 1.0 Poor or sometimes bitter taste, color and
turbidity; staining of clothes materials; iron
bacteria causing slime
Manganese 0.3 Poor taste, color and turbidity; staining; black
slime
Aluminum 0.2 Neurological disorders
Copper 1.5 Liver damage and depression; restricts growth
of aquatic plants
Ammonia - Indicates pollution; growth of algae
Nitrite - Forms nitrosoamines which are
carcinogenic

Nitrate 100 Blue baby disease


(methemoglobineamia); algal growth

Sulfate 400 Taste affected; laxative effect; gastro


intestinal irritation

Chloride 1000 Taste affected; corrosive


Fluoride 1.5 Dental and skeletal fluorosis; non-skeletal
manifestations

Phosphate - Algal growth


Arsenic 0.05 Toxic; bio-accumulation; central nervous
system affected; carcinogenic

Mercury 0.001 Highly toxic; causes 'minamata' disease-


neurological impairment mutagenic

Cadmium 0.01 Highly toxic; causes 'itai-itai' disease-


painful rheumatic condition; cardio
Water treatment systems
• Purpose : To bring raw water to drinking water
quality
• Treatment equipment will be selected based
on the quality of the water.
• Surface water : filtration and disinfection
• Ground water : hardness removal and
disinfection
Typical treatment plant
Sequence of steps
• Screening : to remove relatively large floating and suspended
debris
• Mixing : with chemicals to coagulate with suspended solids to
form large particles that will settle down easily
• Flocculation: Process of formation of flocs /large particles
• Sedimentation : Process in which the flow is slowed down to
allow the flocs to settle under gravity
• Sludge processing : mixture of solids and liquids collected
from the settling tank are dewatered and disposed off.
• Filtration : Rapid Sand Filter etc. and Pressure Sand Filter
• Disinfection : to make the water free from pathogens
SCREENING
Coagulation and flocculation
• Coagulation – Chemical treatment process
• Smaller particle to larger particle
• Colloids (0.001-1 micrometer) – negatively charged
• Addition of coagulant (Alum, ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate)
• Produces ions which neutralizes the negative charge.
• OR else, ions from the coagulants react with the alkalinty of
water (bicarbonates) to form insoluble precipitates.
• Mixing of coagulants – Rapid mix tank – with paddles
to mix the chemicals
• Detention time in rapid mix tank is on the order of
one minute.
• Flocculation will be in the following tank which
provides a little agitation and detention time here is
nearly half an hour.

Alum reacts with bicarbonate to form aluminum hydroxide, a


precipitate.
Al2(SO4)3*18H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2 <=> 2Al(OH)3 + 6CO2 +
3CaSO4 + 18H2O
Flocculator
Sedimentation
Types of Sedimentation
1. Rectangular Horizontal Flow
In this feed is introduced at one end along with the width of the tank
and overflow is collected at surface and sludge is settled into sludge
hopper.

2. Circular Radical Flow


In this feed is introduced though a center. Sludge is removed by
rotatory sludge scrapper which force the sludge to settle down.

3. Vertical Flow
It is used in small treatment plant where the feed is applied at a point
along the bottom and clarified effluent is collected at the top.
Sludge is settled in lower part of the tank though which the suspension
rises.
Types of Settling :
a) Discrete Settling:
In this particles do not interfere with one another and their size,
shape, mass remain constant during settling.

b) Flocculent Settling :
In this particles agglomerated during settling thus do not have
constant characteristics.
This types of phenomena is closely observed in primary clarifier . The
opportunity of coalescence increase with increase in bed depth.

c) Zone Settling
This type of settling take place in secondary clarifier of the activated
sludge process where the suspension is dense and particles are so
closely spaced that the velocity field of fluid displaced by adjacent
particles during settling overlap.
DISINFECTION
• Water may be disinfected by physical or chemical means.
Physical disinfectants
boiling or irradiation, applied to the water which is then safe to drink.
After disinfection, water may be re-contaminated in household
handling or storage (see Fact Sheet 2.34).

Chemical Disinfectant
Some chemical disinfectants (such as chlorine and iodine) remain in
the water after application.
This residual of disinfectant in water is important because it can
minimize bacterial re-growth and the effects of re-contamination.
This is one of the reasons why chlorine is a very popular disinfectant
for drinking water
Chlorination
• Chlorine gas, hypochlorite, calcium
hypochlorite
• Chlorine has strong oxidizing power which
destroys the enzymatic processes necessary for
cell life.
– Cl2 + H2O  HOCl + (H+) + (Cl-)
– HOCl is prime disinfecting agent
– At higher pH values
– HOCl  (H+) + (OCl-)
– HOCl and OCl- together are called free available
chlorine
Waste water Treatment

When effluent discharged into a river body such as lake, river or sea a number
of process occur like physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water
change which cause loss of organism.

The extent of damage depend upon type of pollutant present in effluent.


Non bio-degradable pollutant like mercury are most deadly as they accumulate
in aquatic organism which lead to Biomagnifications.

Large quantity of biodegradable waste can affect living organism in the water
bodies in which waste are discharged.

It is necessary to treat effluent or waste water before discharging in water body.


The treatment procedure are generally divided into three groups-

1. Primary Treatment or Mechanical Treatment

2. Secondary Treatment or Biological Treatment

3. Tertiary Treatment or Advance Biological or Chemical Treatment


WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRINCIPLES

• If untreated wastewater is allowed to accumulate,


the decomposition of the organic materials it
contains can lead to the production of offensive Removal
odors and gases.
• Untreated wastewater contains numerous
pathogenic microorganisms, released from the Treatment
human intestinal system.
• It contains nutrients which can stimulate the
growth of aquatic life, and it may also contain toxic
compounds. Disposal
• Immediate removal from wsources, followed by
treatment and disposal are the priorities when
managing wastewater.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Purpose of any ww treatment plant is to convert the components


in raw wastewater, with its inherent characteristics, into a
relatively harmless final effluent for discharge to a receiving body
of water and to safely dispose of the solids (sludge) produced in
the process.

Wastewater treatment plant must satisfy these conditions :


– requirements for aesthetics and minimization of obnoxious
odors at treatment and disposal
– to prevent contamination of water supplies from physical,
chemical, and biological agents;
– to prevent destruction of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic
life;
– to protect against the spread of disease from crops grown
on sewage irrigation or sludge disposal;
– to encourage other beneficial uses of effluent.
Primary Treatment

- In primary treatment suspended solids and floating materials are


removed. Effluent is passes through a screen which is used to
remove certain material like wood pieces, plastic , paper, floating
debris. Then effluent is passed through chamber which is known as
grit chamber.

-Fatty and oily substance can be removed by flotation method. In


order to trap fatty and oily substance a instrument called
Centrifugal Separator is used in this process fatty substance are
reached to outside and clean water remain in the center of
cyclone.

- The water is passed in Settling Tank in which water remain for a


long time in which suspended particles are settled down this
process is known as sedimentation process.
PRIMARY TREATMENT

Clarification (Sedimentation)
Process of separating the settleable solids from the liquid
Some treatment systems employing two or more stages of
treatment and clarification, the terms primary, secondary, and
final clarification are used.
The actual physical sizing of the clarifier (depth, surface area,
inlet structure, etc.) is highly dependent upon the quantity and
composition of the flow.

Clarification units can be either circular or rectangular and are


normally designed to operate on a continuous flow-through
basis:
– circular units are generally called clarifiers,
– whereas rectangular units are commonly referred to as
sedimentation tanks.
Primary Tratment

- Physical Treatment
- Chemical Treatment

Physical chemical waste water treatment techniques are techniques to


remove the coarse fraction.

Oil, fatty acids and suspended solids could be removed by the use of
the following techniques:

1. Physical Treatment
a) Screening
b) Grit Chamber
c) Floatation or skimming tank
Chemical Treatment

- Sedimentation
- Coagulation
- Flocculation
- Filteration

Physical chemical treatment is normally used to prepare the waste


water for the next treatment technique, in many cases biological
treatment.
Screen Chamber:

Screen chamber remove dead animals, branches of tree, logs of


wood, rags and other coarse floating material.

The effluent is passed through the bar screens for rag removal.
In this section, two automatic bar screen cleaners remove large
solids (rags, plastics, etc.) from the raw sewage. The collected
material is placed in dumpsters to be taken later to the landfill
Grit Tanks:

Grit include sand, ash, egg shell etc. of diameter less


then 0.2 mm.
Next, the effluent moves to the grit tanks. These tanks
reduce the velocity of the effluent so that heavy
particles may fall to the bottom. The solids are pumped
to an auger pump which separates the water from the
grit while the water moves onward. The grit (mostly
inorganic solids) goes to a dumpster which is taken to a
landfill.
Skimming Tank ( Floatation Tank)

Fats, waxes, fatty acid, soap, minerals and vegetable oil present in
waste water are collectively called as oil and grease. As oil and grease
are lighter than water they are normally separated by natural
floatation .

The bubbles of air are passed on the bottom of the tank and floating
matter rises and remain on the surface of waste water which can be
separated easily.

Flotation separator tanks can be either rectangular or circular in


shape and constructed of either concrete or steel
It is an appropriate technology for treating suspended solids and oil
and grease in industrial waters.
Process will achieve 40-65% suspended solids removal and 60% of
oil and grease removal
Sedimentation

Settling down of suspended particles at the bottom of water is called


Sedimentation. This process is also known as clarification.

In this process water is collected into big pond , slowly- slowly


impurities are settled down by gravitation. The process of
sedimentation can be accelerated by adding Alum.

The main objective of Sedimentation are :

- To separate suspended and colloidal impurities in sedimentation tank


by gravitation.

- It reduce heavy sediment load before treating water for other


purposes.
-The main principle of sedimentation is to allow water to rest or flow at
a very slow velocity so that heavier particles settle down due to gravity.

- The process of settling of particles depend mainly on velocity of flow,


size, shape and specific gravity of particles and viscosity of liquid.

- The velocity of water decreased by increasing the length of flow. This


principle is used in the process of sedimentation.

- The size and shape of particles are increased by formation of


precipitates because of addition of coagulants.

Neutralization
Involves adding an acid or a base to a wastewater to offset or
neutralize the effects of its counterpart in the wastewater flow,
namely, adding acids to alkaline wastewaters and bases to acidic
wastewaters.
Coagulation

- In plain sedimentation, the heavier particles settle down. However fine particles
take many hours or sometimes days to settle down.

- Colloidal particles which are fine particles of size finer than 0.0001 mm carry
electric charges on them.
- The water possesses colour which is mainly due to colloidal matter and dissolve
organic matter in water.

- The turbidity in water is mainly due to the presence of very fine particles of clay, silt
and organic matter.

- Sedimentation alone is not sufficient o remove all the suspended matter.


The process of coagulation is used to remove colloidal particles from
water.
- Coagulation is the process in which certain chemical agent is mixed with water then
colloidal and suspended particles are agglomerated and form insoluble metal
hydroxide known as flocks.
Coagulant is adopted when turbidity of water exceeds about 40
ppm.
By coagulation process the fine particles are removed rapidly and
turbidity is reduced to about 20 ppm.

- The most common coagulant are aluminum sulfate,


chlorinated copper, ferrous sulfate, lime, magnesium carbonate,
polyelectrolyte and sodium aluminates.

- Aluminum sulphate, (Al2 (SO4)3 . 18 H2O is also known as alum. It


is most common coagulant that is available and used in the form of
flakes.

Coagulation-precipitation is capable of removing from industrial


wastewater pollutants such as BOD, COD, and TSS. It can remove
additional pollutants such as phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, and
metals.

This technology is attractive to industry because a high degree of


classification and toxic pollutants removal can be combined in one
treatment process.
Filtration

- Filtration is done in order to remove colloidal and suspended


matter remaining after sedimentation and to remove bacterial
load.

- The process of filtration usually consist of allowing the water pass


through thick layer of sand or porous material which retain coarse
impurities on its surface and in pores.

- The apparatus used for filtration is called filter and the porous
material that fill the filter is known as filtering medium.
Rapid sand filter
Flocculators
In recent years flocculators or polyelectrolyte have widely been used.
Flocculates are organic high molecular weight compound comprising
many inorganic group.

These group groups undergo ionization when dissolve in water.

- Two important flocculators are polyacryalamide and BA-2 flocculator


(cat ion exchange type).

- The BA-2 polyelectrolyte is employed without any coagulant


because it bring about coagulation of colloids itself.
- Most of colloidal particles carry negative surface charge but
molecule of BA-2 are positively charged . Hence neutralization of
charges take place.
Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized particles into
microfloc and after into bulky floccules which can be settled called floc.

The addition of another reagent called flocculants or a flocculants aid


may promote the formation of the floc.

The factors, which can promote the coagulation-flocculation, are the


velocity gradient, the time, and the pH.

Difference between Coagulation & Flocculation

Coagulation: is a chemical technique which is directed towards the


destabilization of the charged colloidal particles.

Flocculation: is the slow mixing technique which promotes the


agglomeration of the stabilized particles.
Secondary Treatment or Biological Treatment

It is the process in which microorganism play a very important role for the
treatment of effluent. Microorganism like bacteria, fungi decompose the
organic waste and convert into simpler form. The main function of secondary
treatment is to convert the reaming organic matter of sewage into stable form
by oxidation and nitrification.

Biological Treatment can be classified into

1. Aerobic Treatment
a) Activated Sludge Process
b) Trickling Filter
c) Oxidation Pond or Lagoon
d) Rotating Biological

2. Anaerobic Treatment : Anaerobic digestor


Aerobic Treatment :

The treatment which is carried out by microorganism in the


presence of oxygen.

Anaerobic Treatment :

The treatment which is carried out by aerobes in the absence of


oxygen. The need of oxygen is supplied by oxidation of oxygenated
compound for e.g SO2
Activated Sludge Process

- This is most versatile biological oxidation process employed for the treatment of
waste water contain dissolve solid, collides, coarse solid and organic matter.

- Sewage or waste water from sedimentation tank enter into aeration tank. Here 20
– 30 % of active sludge is mixed. The mixture is aerated and mixed in the tank for
about 4 to 8 hours .

- An efficient aeration for 3 – 6 hour is occupied for sludge while for industrial waste
6 – 24 hour of aeration is required.

- The microorganism oxidize organic matter , in the presence of abundant quantity


of oxygen in the aeration tank. Sewage is allowed to settle in secondary
sedimentation tank.

- This settled sewage has undergo aeration and has active microorganism. So some
portion of activated sludge is recalculated into the aeration tank.
The activated sludge is obtained by settling sewage in the presence of
excess oxygen. Thus activated sludge is that sludge which settle down
after the sewage has been freely aerated and agitated for a certain time.

- The activated sludge is biologically active and contain a large number


of aerobic bacteria and other microorganism.

- When activate sludge is mixed with effluent, the aerobic bacteria


oxidize the organic matter and promote coagulation and flocculation.

- Some advantages of activated sludge method is


i) The effluent is free from bed smell and odour
ii) Give Clear sparkling treated liquid
Activated Sludge Process
Trickling Filter

From secondary treatment effluent is passed in trickling filter and


sprayed over bed of covered stones/ pebbles is covered with slime
consist of bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, worm, insect and larvae.

Sewage is degraded by aerobic bacteria when it passed though the bed


and is collected at the bottom of filter.

From secondary treatment effluent is passed in trickling filter and


sprayed over bed of covered stones/ pebbles is covered with slime

Slime consist of bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, worm, insect and


larvae.

Sewage is degraded by aerobic bacteria when it passed though the bed


and is collected at the bottom of filter.
 A trickling filter consists of a rotating distribution arm that sprays
liquid wastewater over a circular bed of ‘fist size’ rocks or other
coarse materials.

 The spaces between the rocks allow air to circulate easily so


that aerobic conditions can be maintained.

 The individual rocks in the bed are covered with a layer of


slime, which consists of bacteria, fungi, algae, etc. which
degrade the waste trickling through the bed.

 This slime periodically slides off individual rocks and is collected


at the bottom of the filter along with the treated wastewater and is
then passed on to the secondary settling tank where it is removed.
Oxidation Pond (Lagoon)

New biological method have been introduced now days for waste
water treatment. The oxygen pond is shallow pond where waste
water is purified by action of algae and aerobic bacteria.

Organic matter are decomposed by bacteria and are consumed by


algae.

Latter on oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis.

Aerobic bacteria get O2 from atmosphere and convert the organic


matter present in sewage and liberate CO2 which is again taken by
algae during the process of photosynthesis.
Rotating Biological Contractor
• It is consist of circular plastic disc which are arranged on rotating
shaft. Circular disc have microorganism grown on them .

• The disc are contained in waste water holding tank .

• About 40% of disc is submerged in the tank. The disc rotate in and
out of the water as the RBC rotates.

• The organism present in the disc absorb organic matter when they
are in water and obtain the required oxygen when the disc are out
of water.

• The high degree of organic matter removal is achieved.


Tertiary Treatment (Advance waste water treatment)
The main function of tertiary treatment is to decrease the load of
nitrogen and phosphorous compound and to remove microorganism
present in the effluent bythe following process.

a) Precipitation (Chemical precipitation of phosphorus)


b) Nitrogen Stripping
c) Chlorination
e) Nitrification and Denitrification,
– Ammonia stripping,
– Breakpoint chlorination,
– Filtration,
– Carbon adsorption,
– Ion exchange
• Advanced Waste Water Treatment
1. Removal Of Suspended Solids
• Micro straining
• Coagulation and flocculation
• Filtration

2. Removal of dissolved solids


• Ion exchange
• Reverse osmosis
• Electro dialysis
3. Removal of nitrogen
4. Phosphate removal (chemical treatment) 9 Phosphate removal
(biological treatment)
5. Removal of dissolved organic compounds
Adsorption , Sludge treatment and disposal , Disinfection
a) Precipitation:

The effluent received after the secondary treatment is mixed with


calcium oxide. The lime then react with phosphorous compound
in waste to from insoluble calcium phosphate, which then settle
down at the bottom of settling tank.

b) Nitrogen Stripping

Nitrogen present in waste water is generally in the form of ammonia gas , nitrates
and nitrites. Ammonia is highly undesirable in streams and lakes because it is
extremely lethal to aquatic biota. Nitrogen eventually enhance Eutrophication

In order to remove nitrogen air is forced through the effluent which thereby result
in the removal of ammonia gas.

C) Chlorination

It is the process in which chlorine is used to kill micro-organism .The main purpose
of chlorination are
- To assist in the formation of floc in the process of coagulation together with
other chemical.
- To prevent corrosion of sewers.
- To prevent spread of epidemic.
d) Ultraviolet Light

The water is passed through banks of cylindrical, quartz-jacketed fluorescent


bulbs. Some dissolved materials, such as iron and some organic compounds,
can also absorb some of the light. Ultraviolet disinfection is becoming more
popular because of the increasing complications associated with the use of
chlorine.

e) Ozone:

Ozone is too unstable to store, and has to be made as it is used. It is produced


by passing an electrical discharge through air, which is then bubbled through
the water.. It may also produce some chemical by products, but probably not as
harmful as those produced by chlorine.
Sludge/Solids Treatment

1. Anaerobic digesters.
In the anaerobic digesters another group of bacteria begin to digest
and dissolve the solids to their basic components.

This process uses bacteria which do not need atmospheric oxygen to


survive, so therefore, no air is bubbled into the tanks.

The anaerobic digesters produce a stable sludge which is readily


dewatered.

The process is also a source of methane gas, which is used as a fuel


source for heating the digesters, heating several buildings, and fueling
the engine generator to produce electricity.
Sludge Dewatering and Drying:
After most of the organic solids have been digested, the sludge is
pumped to sand drying beds or belt filter presses. The belt filter presses
use a chemical flocculent to separate the water from the solids.

These solids are applied to agricultural land. The solids can also be taken
to a landfill.

Sludge is a good soil conditioner as well as fertilizer.


Advanced Waste Water Treatment
• The effluent from a typical secondary treatment plant
still contains 20-40 mg/L BOD which may be
objectionable in some streams.
• Suspended solids, in addition to contributing to BOD,
may settle on the stream bed and inhibit certain forms
of aquatic life.
• The BOD if discharged into a stream with low flow, can
cause damage to aquatic life by reducing the dissolved
oxygen content.
• In addition the secondary effluent contains significant
amounts of plant nutrients and dissolved solids. If the
waste water is of industrial origin, it may also contain
• traces of organic chemicals, heavy metals and other
contaminants.
Advance Waste Water Treatment
1. Removal of Suspended Solid
i) Microstraining
ii) Coagulation and Filtration
1. BOD
2. Plant Nutrients
3. Removal of Dissolve Solid two types of organic and Inorganic solids
3.1 Organic solids are removed by Adsorption on Activated Carbon
i) Solvent Extraction is also used to recover certain organic chemicals like
phenol s and amines from industrial water.
3.2 Removal of Inorganic solids
i) Ion Exchange
ii) Electro dialysis
iii) Reverse Osmosis
3. Nitrogen Removal : i) Ammonia Stripping
ii) Nitrification - Denitrification
4. Phosphorous Removal : (Chemical Precipitation Method)
5. USAB Process or removal of Aqueous Organic Waste water
i) Micro straining:
It is a special type of filtration procedure which makes use of filters
oven
from stainless steel wires with opening only 60-70 µm across to
remove very small particles. High flow rates and low back
pressures are normally achieved.
ii) Filtration
• If properly formed, the addition of chemicals for promoting
coagulation and flocculation can remove both suspended and
colloidal solids. After the flocs are formed, the solution is led to
a settling tank where the flocs are allowed to settle.

• While most of the flocculated material is removed in the settling


tank, some floc do not settle. These flocs are removed by the
filtration process, which is usually carried out using beds of
porous media such as sand or coal.
• Reverse osmosis:
• In the reverse osmosis process, demineralisation water is
produced by forcing water through semipermeable membranes
at high pressure.

• Osmosis is a natural process, if two liquid with different solute is


divided by a semipermeable membrane (one that is permeable to
water but not the dissolved material), and one compartment is
filled with water and other with concentrated salt solution then
the fluid has a tendency to move from low to high solute
concentrations for chemical potential equilibrium.

• Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region


of high solute concentration through a semipermeable
membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a
pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure.
Ion exchange:
This technique has been used extensively to remove hardness,
and iron and manganese salts in drinking water supplies.
It has also been used selectively to remove specific impurities
and to recover valuable trace metals like chromium, nickel,
copper, lead and cadmium from industrial waste discharges.

The process takes advantage of the ability of certain natural and


synthetic materials to exchange one of their ions.

• A number of naturally occuring minerals have ion exchange


properties.
• Among them the notable ones are aluminium silicate minerals,
which are called zeolites.
• Synthetic zeolites have been prepared using solutions of sodium
silicate and sodium aluminate.
• In the water softening process, the hardness producing elements
such as calcium and magnesium are replaced by sodium ions.
• A cation exchange resin in sodium form is normally used. The
water-softening capability of cation exchange can be seen when
sodium ion in the resin is exchanged for calcium ion in solution.
• Electrodialysis
• Electrodialysis uses ion-selective membranes and an electrical
potential difference to separate anions and cations in solution

• In the past electrodialysis was most often used for purifying brackish
water, but it is now finding a role in hazardous waste treatment.

• Metal salts from plating rinses are sometimes removed in this way.
• As shown in the figure two types of membranes (anionic and cationic)
are arranged alternatively to form many compartments between the
electrodes placed at the two ends.
• When the voltage is applied across the cell containing mineralised
water, the anions migrate to the positive electrode and the cations
• migrate to the negative electrode.
• The electric power requirement is proportional to the number of
ions removed from the water.
Removal of dissolved organic compounds:
• Adsorption:
• One of the most commonly used techniques for removing
organics involves the process of adsorption, which is the physical
adhesion of chemicals on to the surface of the solid.

• The effectiveness of the adsorbent is directly related to the


amount of surface area available to attract the particles of
contaminant.
• The most commonly used adsorbent is a very porous matrix of
granular activated carbon, which has an enormous surface area
(~ 1000 m2/g).
• Adsorption on activated carbon is perhaps the most economical
and technically attractive method available for removing soluble
organics such as phenols, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
surfactants, and colour and odour producing substances from
• waste water.
Phosphate Removal (Chemical Treatment )
(Use of Lime and Alum)
Adsorption : Removal of Organic impurities
The process of adsorption, which is the physical adhesion of chemicals
on to the surface of the solid. The effectiveness of the adsorbent is
directly related to the amount of surface area available to attract the
particles of contaminant.
The most commonly used adsorbent is a very porous matrix of granular
activated carbon, which has an enormous surface area (~ 1000 m2/g).
Adsorption on activated carbon is perhaps the most economical and
technically attractive method available for removing soluble
organics such as phenols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, surfactants,
and colour and odour producing substances from waste water.
Granular activated carbon treatment systems consist of a series of
large vessels partially filled with adsorbent.
Ion exchange:
This technique has been used extensively to remove hardness, and
iron and manganese salts in drinking water supplies. It has also been
used selectively to remove specific impurities and to recover
valuable trace metals like chromium, nickel, copper, lead and
cadmium from industrial waste discharges. The process takes
advantage of the ability of certain natural and synthetic materials to
exchange one of their ions.
A number of naturally occurring minerals have ion exchange
properties. Among them the notable ones are aluminum silicate
minerals, which are called zeolites.
Synthetic zeolites have been prepared using solutions of sodium
silicate and sodium aluminate. Alternatively synthetic ion-exchange
resins composed of organic polymer with attached functional groups
such as (strongly acidic cation exchange resins), or - COO - 3 -SO H+ -
H+ (weakly acidic cation exchange resins or -N+(CH3)3OH- (strongly
basic anion exchange resins) can be used.
USAB Process / PAQUES or BIOPAC Reactor
The Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor is
considered to be one of the most successful anaerobic systems
which is used for the treatment of aqueous organic waste water.
It is viable alternative to conventional aerobic treatment
especially owing to low power and nutrient requirement , less
maintenance, easy operation and potential for recovery of energy
in the form of biogas.
• The stablization of organics by anaerobic Proess (write pp 133)
• The influent is pumped to the UASB
reactor from bottom of it by Peristaltic
pump. The influent move upwards and
get contact with the biomass in sludge
bed, then continue to move upwards and
the rest substrates act with the biomass
again in the sludge blanket which has a
less concentration of biomass compared
with the sludge bed below.
• The volume of sludge blanket must be
sufficient to conduct the further
treatment to wastewater by-passed from
the lower layer of sludge bed by
channeling. At the same time, it will help
to ensure a stable effluent quality. A 3
phases (Gas-Liquid-Solid or GLS)
separator located above the sludge
blanket to separate the solid particles
from the mixture (gas, liquid, and solid)
after treatment and hence allowing
liquid and gas to leave the UASB reactor

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