where kω1 and kω2 are the winding factors for the

stator and rotor windings, respectively. Since usually

they are the same, turns ratio a can be found from
 1. If s = 0, it means that nm = ns, that is, the rotor turns at synchronous speed. (In
practice, it can only occur if the direct current is injected into the rotor winding.)
 2. If s = 1, it indicates that nm = 0, that is, the rotor is stationary. In other words, the
rotor is at standstill.
 3. If 1 > s > 0, it signals that the rotor turns at a speed somewhere between standstill
and synchronous speed. In other words, the motor runs at an asynchronous speed
as it should, as illustrated in Figure 6.13a.
 4. If s > 1, it signifies that the rotor rotates in a direction opposite of the stator
rotating field, as shown in Figure 6.13c. Therefore, in addition to electrical power,
mechanical power (i.e., shaft power) must be provided.
 Since power comes in from both sides, the copper losses of the rotor increase
tremendously. The rotor develops a braking torque that forces the motor to stop.
This mode of induction machine operation is called braking (or plugging) mode.
 5. If s < 0, it means that the machine operates as a generator with a shaft speed that
is greater than the synchronous speed, as shown in Figure 6.13b. This mode of
operation is called generating mode.
 The induced currents in the three-phase rotor windings also develop a rotating
field.
 The speed of this rotating magnetic field of the rotor with respect to rotor itself can
be found from

 However, since the rotor itself is rotating at nm, the developed rotor field rotates in
the air gap at a speed of
 A three-phase, 60 Hz, 25 hp, wye-connected induction motor operates at a shaft
speed of almost 1800 rpm at no load and 1650 rpm at full load.

 Determine the following:

 (a) The number of poles of the motor
 (b) The per-unit and percent slip at full load
 (c) The slip frequency of the motor
 (d) The speed of the rotor field with respect to the rotor itself
 (e) The speed of the rotor field with respect to the stator
 (f) The speed of the rotor field with respect to the stator field
 (g) The output torque of the motor at the full load
FIGURE 6.14 Development of the per-phase stator and rotor-equivalent circuits of an
induction motor: (a) stator-equivalent circuit, (b) actual rotor circuit, (c) rotor-equivalent
circuit, and (d) modified equivalent rotor circuit.
FIGURE 6.15 The per-phase equivalent circuit
of an induction motor:
(a) transformer model of an induction motor,
(b) exact equivalent circuit, and
(c) alternative form of the equivalent circuit.
The input power is the electrical power input to the stator of the motor.Therefore,

The total stator copper losses are

The total core losses can be found from

Therefore, the total air-gap power can be given as

The total rotor copper losses are

Thus, the total mechanical power developed can be found by

 If the friction and windage losses and the stray losses* are known, the output power
(or shaft power) can be determined from

If the core losses are assumed to be constant, they can be lumped in with the friction and windage
losses, and the stray losses. Their sum is called the rotational losses. Thus, the rotational loss
is given as

Therefore, the corresponding output power can be found from

The developed torque is defined as the mechanical torque developed by the electromagnetic
energy conversion process.

The output torque (or shaft torque) is

 The efficiency of the induction motor can be determined from

where Ploss represents the total losses.

 A three-phase, 480 V, 50 hp induction motor is supplied 70 A at a 0.8 lagging power
factor.
 Its stator and rotor copper losses are 4257.53 and 1000 W, respectively.
 Its core losses are 3000 W, the friction and windage losses are 800 W, and the stray
losses are 200 W.

 Determine the following:

 (a) The air-gap power
 (b) The mechanical power developed
 (c) The shaft output power
 (d) The efficiency of the motor
 A three-phase, two-pole, 35 hp, 480 V, 60 Hz, wye-connected induction motor has the
following constants in ohms per phase referred to the stator:

The total rotational losses are 1850 W and are assumed to be constant.
The core loss is lumped in with the rotational losses.
For a rotor slip of 3% at the rated voltage and rated frequency,

Determine the following:

(a) The speed in rpm and in rad/s
(b) The stator current
(c) The power factor
(d) The developed power and output power
(e) The developed torque and output torque
(f) The efficiency
(c) Since this rotor impedance is in parallel with the magnetization branch, the corresponding
impedance is