POLYPHASE CIRCUITS

LEARNING GOALS
Three Phase Circuits
Advantages of polyphase circuits

Three Phase Connections

Basic configurations for three phase circuits

Source/Load Connections
Delta-Y connections

Power Relationships
Study power delivered by three phase circuits

Power Factor Correction

Improving power factor for three phase circuits
 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

Van

3 phase
voltage Vbn

Vcn

0 120 240

Instantaneous Phase Voltages

van (t )  Vm cos( t )(V ) Vm  120 2
vbn (t )  Vm cos( t  120)(V )
vc (t )  Vm cos( t  240)(V )
 a a

V0 Wye Connected

_
n Source
_ _
V-240 V-120
+ +
b b
c

c
 Delta Source

a a

_ + Delta Vab = | Vab |  0

Source
+ _
Vbc = Vab  -120
b b
c Vca = Vab  -240
_ +

c
 Wye – Wye System

a A
Zl

ZL

n
N

ZL ZL
b
c B C
Zl

Zl
 Delta – Delta System

a A
Zl

_ +

ZL
ZL
+ _

b
c _ + B C
Zl ZL

Zl
 Delta – Wye System

a A
Zl

_ + ZL

+ _
ZL ZL
b
c _ + B C
Zl

Zl
 a a
A
I aA I AB I CA
+

V0
_
Z Z
n
_ _
V-240 V-120 I BC
+ +
b b B C
c Z

c
 Vcn - Vbn

Vab

30 o

Van

Vbn Vab = Van - Vbn

Vab = 3 Van 30o

 Vab  Van  Vbn
| V p | 0 | V p |   120
| V p | 1  (cos120  j sin 120) 
1 3
| V | p  | V p |   j 
2 2 
 3 | V p | 30

Vbc  3 | V p |   90
Vca  3 | V p |   210

VL  3 | V p |  Line Voltage
I CA I aA = 3 I AB -30o

I AB

I aA

I BC - I CA
 INSTANTANEOUS POWER

Instantaneous Phase Voltages Balanced Phase Currents

van (t )  Vm cos( t )(V ) ia (t )  I m cos( t   )
vbn (t )  Vm cos( t  120)(V ) ib (t )  I m cos( t    120)
vc (t )  Vm cos( t  240)(V ) ic (t )  I m cos( t    240)

Instantaneous power
p(t )  van (t )ia (t )  vbn (t )ib (t )  vcn (t )ic (t )

Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant

Vm I m
p( t )  3 cos (W )
2
REVIEW OF
Y
Transformations

R1 R2
Ra 
R1  R2  R3
R2 R3
Rb 
R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1 
R3 R1 Rb
Rc 
R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R2 
 Y Rc
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R3 
Ra
Y 
REVIEW OF Rab  R2 || ( R1  R3 )  Y
Y
Rab  Ra  Rb
Transformations Y 

Ra R1 Rb R1 Rb R2 Rb R1
R1 R2   R    R 
R2 ( R1  R3 ) Ra  R1  R2  R3 Rb R3
3 2
Ra Rc R1 Rc
Ra  Rb 
R1  R2  R3 R2 R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
Rb 
R3 ( R1  R2 ) R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
Rb  Rc  R1 
R R Rb
R1  R2  R3 Rc  3 1
R1  R2  R3 R R  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R2  a b
R1 ( R2  R3 )  Y Rc
Rc  Ra  R R  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1  R2  R3 R3  a b
Ra
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD Y 
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Similar to single phase case.
Use capacitors to increase the
power factor

Balanced Keep clear about total/phase

load power, line/phase voltages
Low pf
lagging

Q  Qnew  Qold
Reactive Power to be added
To use capacitors this value
should be negative

pf  cos f  sin  f  1  pf 2 tan  pf

f
Q  P tan f 1  pf 2

lagging  Q  0
 f  60 Hz, | Vline | 34.5kV rms . Required : pf  0.94 leading
LEARNING EXAMPLE

Pold  18.72 MW 
  Qnew  6.8 MVA
S  P  jQ pf new  0.94 leading 
P | S | cos f Q  6.8  15.02  21.82 MVA
Q  P tan f Qper capacitor  7.273MVA
Q | S | sin  f
pf
pf  cos f tan f  Y  connection  Vcapacitor 
34.5
kV rms
1  pf 2
3
lagging  Qold  0  34.5 103 
2

 7.273 10  2  60  C  

6

pf  cos f  sin  f  1  pf 2  0.626  3 

| Qold | 15.02 MVA C  48.6 F

Pold  18.72 MW
LEARNING BY DESIGN

#4ACSR wire rated at 170 A rms Proposed new store

S1  70036.9 S2  100060kVA S3  80025.8kVA

 560  j 420 kVA  500  j866 kVA  720  j 349 kVA
Stotal  1780  j1635 kVA  241742.57 kVA
| Stotal | 2.417  106
| I line |   101.1A rms Wire is OK
3  Vline 3  13.8  10 3

Pold 
  Qnew  P tan f ( new )  758.28kVA
pf new 
Q  Qnew  Qold  876.72kVA
|Q per capacitor
|  CV 2

C
876.72 10 / 3
3
 12.2 F
2  60  13.8 10  / 3
3 2