PIPA TRANSMISI GAS BUMI

DISAIN DAN KONSTRUKSI

Dr.Ir. Asep Handaya Saputra, MEng.

Introduction to Pipelines

Gas Pipeline System

Pipeline Design
 Pipeline History (1)
 How to transport substances, such as:
• Solid ?
• Liquid ?
• Gas ?
How to transport fossil fuel energy:
• Coal  solid phase
• Crude Oil  liquid phase
• Natural Gas  gas phase
Chinese farmers in Henan Province carry
giant plastic bags filled with natural gas

© PEUI -2007
 Pipeline History (2)
Distance between Natural Gas Resources
and the Market  needs cost effective
Natural Gas transportation
Transportation of Natural Gas:
• Pipeline
• LNG
• CNG
• Hydrate
Natural gas problem is volume
For the same energy content:

© PEUI -2007
Natural Gas Value of Chain
- from wellhead to burner-tip

Natural gas Pipeline

Natural Gas Transportation
- Concept (II) -

Source:Verghese
 Information in Map of
Gas Pipeline
Major receipt and delivery points
Yearly average gas flows (MMcf/d)
Flow directions on mainlines
Owners, operators, and total miles of
pipelines
The number of compressors and total
system horsepower (HP)
Seasonal storage (Bcf) Gas supply and
market zones
Shows the exact position of gas pipelines
 DEVELOPMENT OF TRANS JAVA GAS PIPELINE
MUARA
TAWAR
CILAMAYA
CILEGON
CIREBON
SEMARANG
GRESIK

CEPU
PAGERUNGAN

PORONG

Track 1: GRESIK – SEMARANG 250 KM

Estimated INVESTMENT US$ 175 MILLION
Track 2: CIREBON - SEMARANG 230 KM
Estimated INVESTMENT US$ 260 MILLION
ESTIMATED TIME OF CONSTRUCTION :± 3 YEAR

Legend
Existing Pipeline from Sumatera (under construction)

Planning TJGP Pipeline from Kalimantan

Pipeline Map of USA
 Gas Pipeline System

Low Pressure : < 100 mbar

Medium Pressure : 100 mbar < P < 4 bar
High Pressure : > 4 bar
Transmisi : >16 bar
PIPELINE DESIGN
Onshore
 PIPELINE DESIGN
 Supply and demand
 Route, topography, and
access
 Crossing
 Fluid properties
 Design conditions
 Environment: Social,
Hydrological, Seismic and
Volcanic impacts
 ROW
 Code and Standard
 Capacity, load factor
 Distance, location
 Flow equation
 Pipeline materials
 The need for compression
 Onshore vs. Offshore
 Pipeline hydraulic and sizing
 Supply, Demand & Route Selection

The location of supply and demand points

determine the pipeline route and the location
of facilities and control points (river crossing,
mountain passes, heavily populated area)
The demand buildup determine the optimum
pipeline facilities size, location and timing
requirements
 Route Selection Analisys

Optimal Route must consider:

• Cost efficiency
• Pipeline Integrity
• Environment Impacts
• Public Safety
• Land-use constraints
• Restricted proximity to existing facilities

Source: Mohitpour
 Preliminary Route Selection
 Identification of supply ad delivery points (1:50.000
map)
 Identification of control points on the map
 Plot shortest route considering areas of major
concern (high peak, lakes, etc.)
 Plot of the selected route on aerial photograph and
analysis the selected route
 Refinement of the selected route to accommodate
better terrain, easier crossing, etc.
 To ensure the pipeline route  perform detailed
survey
 Safety Consideration

 Routing of the pipeline according to population density

regions, housing proximity, housing density and other
human activities e.g. sports centers, hotels, industrial
facilities, theaters, convention halls, army camps, fuel and
dangerous materials depots, power stations,
communication centers, markets, main roads, agricultural
activities.

 Distances, of human activity centers, from natural gas

pipelines as may be determined by the effects caused by a
gas leak and the safety limits imposed.
 CROSSING

Railroad
Highway, secondary road
Pipeline Crossing
Canal, irrigation ditch
Rivers
Meter Station
Other underground facilities
 Fluid Properties

Following properties have to be calculated for

gas at specific temperature and pressure
• Specific volume
• Compressibility factor
• Specific heat
• Viscosity
• Joule-Thompson Coefficient
 Pipeline Gas Specification
No. Parameter Value Level Unit
1. Hydrocarbon Dew 55 Maximum 0F

Point
2. Gross Heating Value 950 – Btu/scf
1250
3. Gas Composition :
- Methane 80 Minimum % Volume
- Carbon Dioxide 5 Maximum % Volume
- Hydrogen Sulphide 8 Maximum ppmv
- Sulphur 30 Maximum ppmw
- Oxygen 0,1 Maximum % Volume
- Nitrogen 5 Maximum % Volume
- Water (H2O) 6 Maximum Lbs/MMSCF
- Inert Gas 10 Maximum % Volume
Sistem pipa transmisi dan
distribusi
 RIGH OF WAY (ROW)
What is a right of way?
 A right of way is an area of land protecting the natural gas
transmission pipelines that run beneath it. The right of way
is kept clear of major vegetation and obstructions in order
to ensure clear sightlines and easy access to the pipeline
for operation, maintenance and emergency response
purposes. The depths vary and must be confirmed

 Pipeline ROW must complies with environmental and

safety regulations (soil, water, archeological, etc.)
 Safety Zone
Safety zone on either side of the ROW to
protect the pipeline, the environment and you
 Keputusan Menteri Pertambangan dan Energi Nomor
300.K/38/M.PE/1997 tentang Keselamatan Kerja Pipa Penyalur
Minyak dan Gas Bumi.Definisi pipa transmisi dan pipa distribusi

1. Pipa transmisi gas adalah pipa untuk menyalurkan gas bu

mi dari stasiun pengumpul ke sistem meter pengukur dan
pengatur tekanan, dan atau ke pelanggan besar.
2. Pipa induk adalah pipa untuk menyalurkan gas bumi dari
sistem meter pengukur dan pengatur tekanan sampai pipa
servis. Pipa servis adalah pipa yang dipasang dalam persi
l pelanggan yang menghubungkan pipa induk sampai den
gan inlet pengatur tekanan atau meter pelanggan.
 Definisi istilah terkait dengan
ROW (300.K/38/M.PE/1997)
1. Jarak minimum adalah ruang terbuka antara pipa
penyalur dengan bangunan atau hunian tetap di s
ekitarnya yang dihitung dari sisi terluar pipa ke kiri
dan ke kanan.
2. Hak Lintas Pipa (Right of Way) adalah hak yang di
perolah perusahaan untuk memanfaatkan tanah d
alam menggelar, mengoperasikan dan memelihar
a pipa penyalur.
 Guideline for Low
Environmental Impact (1)
Compliance
• Legislation compliance
• Environmental guideline compliance
• Recommendation by
volcanologist/geologist/seismic consultant
Soil Erosion Protection
• Erosion process and types
• Erosion risk assessment
 Guideline for Low
Environmental Impact (2)
 Water Quality Protection
• Baseline water quality
• Water analysis / quality index
• Impact and mitigation measures
 Archeological heritage protection
• Historical resources
• Archeological resources
 Protection Resource and Method
• ROW preparation
• ROW width during construction
 Protection from hydrological impact
 GROUND PIPELINE

Must consider the ground conditions:

Ground Temperature
Soil Conductivity
Soil Density
Soil Specific Heat
Depth of Burial
Code and Standard

Source: Mohitpour
 KLASIFIKASI TEKANAN GAS
PT National USULAN
NO KLASIFIKASI PT PGN
PERTAMINA Transmission KLASIFIKAS
. TEKANAN (bar)
(bar) System (England) I (kg/cm2)
1. Ekstra Tinggi >100

2. Sangat Tinggi > 16 > 16 >50 – 100

3. Tinggi > 10 - 16 > 4-16 > 2 bar – 7 bar >16 - 50

(Intermediate)
4. Menengah 5 - 10 1- 4 > 7,5 mbar – 2 bar >4 - 16
(Medium)
5. Rendah <5 <1 < 7,5 mbar >1 - 4
(Low)
6. Sangat Rendah <1

Catatan: Berdasarkan Kepmen 300.K/38/M.PE/1997, pembagian tekanan gas

adalah: 4 s.d. 16 Bar; 16 s.d. 50 Bar;dan > 50 s.d. 100 Bar
31
 Flow equation
- Fanning friction factor
Flow Equation
(∆P-L-D-Q)
 Flow Equation
• Compressible fluid  PV=ZRT

P12-P22 – ( 58 G ∆H Pave2/R Tave Zave)

Qb = π √ gc R/1,856) (ZbTb/Pb) √ ------------------------------------------------ √ 1/f . D2.5
Zave Tave G L

where
Qb = gas flow rate, mmscfd
∆H = elevation change, ft Qb ~ √ 1/f
G = gas gravity, Mgas/Mair
P1 = gas inlet pressure, psia
P2 = gas outlet pressure, psia
Qb ~ D2.5
L = pipe length, ft
f = friction coefficient, -
√ 1/f = transmission factor
D = inside diameter of the pipeline, inch

Source: Mohitpour
Source: Mohitpour
 Formula Application
Formula Usage
Panhandle A (Partially Medium to large diameter, moderate gas flow
Turbulent) rate, medium to high pressure
AGA (Partially Medium diameter, medium flow rate and high
Turbulent) pressure
Panhandle B (Fully High flow rate and large diameter (more than
Turbulent) NPS 24), high pressure
Weymouth (Fully High flow rate, large diameter, high pressure, for
Turbulent) distribution network
AGA (Fully Turbulent) High pressure, high flow rate and medium to
large diameter pipeline
Colebrooke-White Partially and Fully Turbulent, suitable for
transition zone, large diameter, high pressure,
medium to high flow rate
Source: Mohitpour
 Flow equation
∆ P vs. Qb

P12-P22 = K Qbn
K = Pipeline total resistance
= R x L, R resistance per foot of pipeline
L the length of pipeline in feet
Qb = Gas flow rate in base condition

n = flow-rate exponent
 Flow Equation
- Resistance factor and flow-rate exponent

Source: Mohitpour
 Flow Equation
-Impact of Molecular Weight and Compressibility

Qb ~ √ 1/GZ Heavier hydrocarbon  > G

<Z

Flow Capacity ~ √ 1/MZ

Mass Flow Capacity ~ √ M/Z

Source: Mohitpour
Impact of different parameter
on flow capacity

Source: Mohitpour
Pressure drop for pipeline in series
and parallel
P1 P2 P3 P4

D1 K1 Qb D2 K2 Qb D3 K3 Qb

P1 2- P22 = K1 Qbn
P12- P42 = Kt Qbn
P2 2- P32 = K2 Qbn
Kt = K 1 + K 2 + K 3
P32- P42 = K3 Qbn

Qb1 K1

Qb P1 D1 P2 Qb

Qb2 K2 Qb = Qb1 + Qb2

P1 2- P22 = K1 Qb1n

P1 2- P22 = K2 Qb2n D2

Source: Mohitpour
Gas velocity and Erosional Velocity
 Erosional velocity for compressible fluid
ue= C/0.5

C = a constant defined as 75 < C < 150

For gas transmission C =100
ue= 100/(29 G P/Z R T)0.5

 Recommended gas velocity = 40-50% of

Erosional velocity (10-17 m/sec)
 MAWP
 Maximum allowable pressure

P = (2St/D) x F x L x E x T
where
P = design pressure, lb/in2
S = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS), lb/in2
t = wall thickness, in
D= nominal outside diameter, in
F= design factor
E= longitudinal joint factor
L= location factor
T= Temperature derating factor

Source: Mohitpour
SMYS for Steel and Iron Pipe
SMYS for Steel and Iron Pipe
 Pipeline Materials
1. Ensure that the material selected will perform safely, reliably,
and efficiently

2. Material performance criteria:

- The toughness level is specified to reduce the risk of fracture

initiation and propagation
- Sufficient strength is selected to safely withstand the design
pressure
- Restriction on carbon & chemical composition are specified to
help ensure good weld-ability
- Risk of fit-up problem is reduced by placing tight limits on
dimensional tolerances
- Inspection procedures are specified to ensure that components
are free of defects and that sound workmanship and
manufacturing standard are being followed.

Source: Mohitpour
 Type of Materials
 Steel Pipe
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM A 106, ASTM A 134, ASTM A 135,
ASTM A 139, ASTM A 333, ASTM A 38, ASTM A 671, ASTM A
672

 Iron Pipe
Ductile iron pipe manufactured in accordance with ANSI A21.52

 Plastic Pipe
ASTM D 2513 - Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and
Fittings
ASTM D 2517 - Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and
Fittings