ERRI PERTAMAX

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PNEUMONIA ?
 Key Facts

• Pneumonia accounts for 15% of all deaths of children under 5

years old, killing an estimated 922 000 children in 2015.
• Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi.
• Pneumonia can be prevented by immunization, adequate nutrition and by
addressing environmental factors.
• Pneumonia caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but only
one third of children with pneumonia receive the antibiotics they need.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/
http://www.esciencecentral.org/
 Pneumonia is a form of acute
respiratory infection that affects the lungs.
The lungs are made up of small sacs called
alveoli, which fill with air when a healthy
person breathes. When an individual has
pneumonia, the alveoli are filled with
pus and fluid, which makes
breathing painful and limits
oxygen intake.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/
http://www.unicef.org/eapro/Pneumonia-384x256.jpg
Wikiversity Journal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008.
 Bacteria are the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia
(CAP), with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50% of cases.
Other commonly isolated bacteria include Haemophilus influenzae in 20%,
Chlamydophila pneumoniae in 13%, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 3% of cases;
Staphylococcus aureus; Moraxella catarrhalis; Legionella pneumophila and Gram-
negative bacilli

Anevlavis S; Bouros D (February 2010). "Community acquired bacterial pneumonia". Expert Opin
Pharmacother 11 (3): 361–74.
 Commonly implicated agents include rhinoviruses, coronaviruses,
influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),
adenovirus, and parainfluenza. Herpes simplex virus rarely causes
pneumonia, except in groups such as: newborns, persons with cancer,
transplant recipients, and people with significant burns. People
following organ transplantation or those otherwise-
immunocompromised present high rates of cytomegalovirus
pneumonia

Ruuskanen, O; Lahti, E; Jennings, LC; Murdoch, DR (2011-04-09). "Viral pneumonia".Lancet 377 (9773):
1264–75
http://cmapspublic.ihmc.us/
 Physical examination may sometimes reveal low blood pressure, high heart rate, or
low oxygen saturation. The respiratory rate may be faster than normal, and this may occur a day or
two before other signs. Examination of the chest may be normal, but it may show decreased chest
expansion on the affected side. Harsh breath sounds from the larger airways that are transmitted
through the inflamed lung are termed bronchial breathing and are heard on auscultation with a
stethoscope.
Crackles (rales) may be heard over the affected area during
inspiration.

Hoare Z; Lim WS (2006). "Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management" (PDF). BMJ 332 (7549): 1077–9.
Imaging:
A chest radiograph is frequently used in diagnosis
CT scan can give additional information in indeterminate cases.
Microbiology:
Sputum Culture
Blood Test
The x-ray findings of pneumonia are airspace opacity, lobar
consolidation, or interstitial opacities.
Prevention
http://www.rch.org.au/