Pengurusan Ekologi

Landskap
 WHAT IS ECOLOGY ?

Oikos’ = House
and `Logy’ = To study
Ecology is to env. Science
 Landscape ecology study
important for:
1. Conservation of species
2. Preserving biodiversity
3. Maintaining ecosystem functions
4. Preserving soil fertility
5. Effect of pollutants
6. Prevent global warming
7. Calculating yield in fisheries, forestry
and hunting
HOW TO STUDY ECOLOGY?
HYPOTHESIS

EXPERIMENT
(Field Observation, Measuring, Qualifying)

DATA COLLECTION

ANALYSIS

SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSION
HOW TO STUDY ECOLOGY?

Investigate
Accurate oservation =====>
hypothesis (Explanation of events or
observations)
Hypothesis is testable ====> laboratory,
computer simulation, field observation,
measuring and quatifying
Repitition ====> hypothesis is viable
Conclusion
 EXPERIMENT
Ecological hypothesis are tested by
experiments
Experiment:
1. Laboratory experiment
2. Field experiment
Diamond (1986)
3. Natural experiment

•In practice, these types form a continuum

 EXPERIMENT
Natural experiment divided into 2:
1. Natural trajectory
(Comparison of an ecosystem or spp before and after
some dramatic perturbation such as storm, a volcanic
eruption, etc)

2. Natural snapshot
(Compare natural areas that differ one another in only
one or two characteristic)
 EXPERIMENT
Size and duration of investigation
limit the observation
> Study scale is continuum but 5 point
on that cont. can be recognized:
1. Space occupied by Individual
2. Local patch/ecological neighborhood
3. Regional
4. Closed system
5. Biogeographic scale
 EVOLUTION OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Sunlight + CO2 + 2H2S CH2O + 2S + H2O

Sunlight + CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2

THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

Founded on 3 basic observation

1.more offspring than needed simply
to replace the parents
2.All the young differ and some are
better suited for survival than
others
3.The differences (behaviour &
Physiology) are inherited from the
parents
ECOLOGICAL FITNESS (EF)
In natural population, individuals attempt
to reproduce near to their max.
potential.
Population is locked into a battle of
“Genetic Immortality”
Ecological Fitness (EF) indicate
reproductive success
No. of young reaching reproductive age
indicate EF of a parent
F = 0, all young fail
EF = 1, there are success offspring
Value of EF indicate the lineage of one
gene for next generation
 CHANGE, EVOLUTION AND
CHANCE

 Evolution of living things either

plants or animals took long time to
happen.

 Evolutionary changes operated in

millions of years
CONTINENTAL DRIFT

Through time landmasses have:

- roamed the ocean,
- Riding from one hemisphere to the other
- Colliding and separating
- Their edges thrust up into mountains,
- Continually reconfiguring the earth’s
surface
 CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Drifting induces:
1. Volcanic activity
2. Isolation of population
3. Climatic change
4. Critical in the survival
5. Extinction
6. Evolution of species
• Theory of continental drift
indicate that earth is
composed of a set of tectonic
plates
• 2 types of plates
1. Continental
2. Oceanic
1. Continental drift is significant because it
explains some basic patterns of similarity
and dissimilarity of floras and fauna's
around the world

2. Biodiversity = express the no. of life forms

in a given area

3. Normally referred in no. of species

4. Some time also reflect the genetic

variability within a spp