Rigid Impression Materials

 Are those that set to a rigid consistency

 It is capable of recording tooth and tissue details

accurately , they cannot be removed from the
mouth without fracture and reassembly
 IMPRESSION PLASTER

 ADA SPECIFICATION NO –25.

 It is modified POP (Plaster of Paris), once the
only material available for partial denture
impression, but now elastic materials have
replaced them
 used by many dentists to record maxillo-
mandibular relationship

4
COMPOSITION:-
 Calcined calcium sulfate hemihydrate.
CaSO4.1/2 H2O
 Anti-expansion agents. - Potassium sulphate
was added which had a tendency to decrease
working time.
 Accelerators –accelerators that were added
were
○ Potassium sulphate.
○ Potassium chloride.
 Retarders.
○ Colloidal materials/gelatin.
 Pigments.
5
 Uses:
1. Primary impression material.
2. Secondary/corrective impression material.

Water-powder ratio:-
60 ml of water for 100 gm of plaster. Fluidity is
required for recording finer details.

If water-powder ratio is increased, then the

following characters were affected.
a. It had a thin consistency.
b. Setting time was increased.
c. Strength was decreased.
6
ADVANTAGES: -
1. Good detail reproduction.
2. Inexpensive.
3. Easy to handle.
4. Viscosity can be altered by minor alterations of w/p ratio.
5. Non-toxic.
6. If stored airtight-increased shelf life.
7. Decreased dimensional change on setting.
8. Setting time can be precisely controlled by use of additives.

DISADVANTAGES:-
 Requires separating medium for pouring and removing
casts. (Varnish, water glass solution).
 Dry sensation in patient’s mouth because it absorbs
moisture.
7
 Thermoplastic Impression Material

 Are those that become plastic at higher

temperature and resume their original form
when cooled
 i.e. it softens when heated and hardens
when cooled. This process does not involve
a chemical reaction.
 IMPRESSION COMPOUND
 ADA specification no –3
 Type I: low fusing.
 Type II: high fusing, more viscous when soft &
more rigid when hard.

 It is manufactured in several different colors, each

color being an indication of the temperature range at
which the material is plastic and workable
 If modeling plastic is softened at a temperature
above that intended by the manufacturer , the
material becomes brittle and unpredictable , also
there is the danger of burning patient's mouth
 Fusion Temperature:
1. Approximately 43.5 centigrade.
2. Fusion temperature indicates a definite
reduction in plasticity on cooling.
3. Above these temperatures, fatty acids
become liquids and plasticised material softens.

The glass transition temperature of the

compound is 39 degrees or 107 Fahrenheit
 Glass Transition Temperature
 The non-crystalline solids do not have a definite
melting temperature but rather they gradually soften
as the temperature is raised & gradually soften as they
are cooled.
 The structural arrangement of non-crystalline solids
does not give a particular melting point to the
compound.
 They gradually soften as the temperature is raised and
gradually harden as the temperature is lowered.
 The temperature at which they form a rigid mass is
called the glass transition temperature. (39 degrees)
11
 Glass transition Working Fusion Temperature
temperature. Environment 43.5 centigrade
(39 degrees)

They gradually soften as Above these temperatures, fatty

the temperature is raised acids become liquids and
and gradually harden as the plasticised material softens
temperature is lowered.

It is the temperature at
which they form a rigid
mass

moldable
Soften above this temp Very Soften above/at this temp
and Rigid/sets below this and moldable below this
temp
12
 Composition:
1. Rosin: 30 parts. Thermoplastic material
2. Copal resin: 30 parts.
3. Carnauba wax: 10 parts.
4. Stearic acid: 5 parts.-Increase plasticity.
5. Talc/ soap stone/ wax: 15 parts. -Decrease flow;
increase strength.

6. Coloring agents: appropriate amount.

13
 Copal is a name given to tree resin from the copal
tree Protium copal (Burseraceae) that is particularly
identified with the aromatic resins
 Rosin, Is a solid form of resin obtained from pines and
some other plants, mostly conifers, produced by heating
fresh liquid resin to vaporize the volatile liquid terpene
components.
 Stearic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with an 18-
carbon backbone.

14
Impression compound is available in
2 forms:
 1. Stick form - used for modifying impression
trays. Softening temperature is 700C
2. Sheet form - used to take impressions of the
mouth. Softening temp is 55-600C.

15
Modeling Plastic (Compound)
Red brown material in cake form
 The most commonly used modeling plastic for
corrected impressions of extension base areas for
partial denture bases and primary impression for
complete denture.
 It should be dipped and kneaded until soft and
subjected to no more heat than necessary before
loading the tray and positioning it in the mouth,
then it should be chilled in cold water after each
removal from the mouth
Red, gray, green modeling plastics
in stick form
 Used in border molding of impression tray
 Red and gray sticks have a higher and broader
working range than do the cake of like color
 The modeling plastic are used as a secondary
impression material to record edentulous
ridges in partial denture construction, when
this is done it is generally used only as a mean
of building up the underside of the denture
before recording the tissue with secondary
impression material
Modeling Plastic (Compound)
 PROPERTIES
 Poor surface detail
 High coefficient of thermal expansion
(contraction of up to 0.3% when removed
from mouth to room temperature)
 Distorts when removed over undercut areas
 Muco displacive
 Poor dimensional stability
 Can be modified by re-heating
 Non toxic and non irritant
 Good shelf life

20
Thermal conductivity:-
 The thermal conductivity is low. Hence has to be
thoroughly cooled before removal.
 Average linear contraction of compound on cooling
from mouth temperature to room temperature of 25
degrees is 0.3–0.4 percent. This magnitude of
contraction is unavoidable.
Flow: -
 After the compound has softened, and during the
period it is pressed against the tissues, the material
should flow easily to confirm to the tissues so that
every detail and landmark are recorded accurately.
 On the other hand, if the amount of flow at mouth
temperature is too great, distortion can occur.
21
 ADVANTAGES
1. Non irritant and non toxic
2. Reusable (but with re-use the constituents are
leached out)
3. Can be reheated and readapted
4. Can support other materials for wash
impressions
5. Mucocompressive

22
 DISADVANTAGES
1. Poor dimensional stability
2. Poor surface detail
3. Expansion coefficient
4. Will distort if removed from undercuts

23
 Different Types :-
1. Brown (Highest Working Temperature)
Stronger At Room Temperature.
Suitable For Extending Short Borders On The Custom
Tray.
Cake Form Is Used For Preliminary Impressions.

2. Green (lowest Working Temperature)

It Has Easy Flow & Good Handling Properties.
It Is The Most Popular Type.

3. Gray:- Average Working Temperature.

Long Period Of Flow.
Little Brittle.
24
 Metallic Oxides

 Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression Paste

25
CHEMISTRY
Constituents of a typical zinc oxide eugenol
paste are:
BASE PASTE
Zinc oxide
Inert oils (plasticiser)
Hydrogenated resins (increases setting time and
improves cohesion)
REACTOR PASTE
Eugenol
Zinc acetate (accelerator)
Fillers (talc or kaolin)

26
 Composition:
TUBE- 1:
1. ZnO (french processed or u.S.P) : 87%
2. Fixed vegetable oil –olive oil/linseed oil: 13%
3. Plasticiser acts as the vehicle and forms paste. It
also helps to masks irritation effect of eugenol.
Tube-2:
1. Oil of cloves (75%-85% eugenol): 12%
2. Gum/ polymerised rosin: 50%.
3. Filler(silica/talc/diatomaceous earth): 20%.
4. Kaolin: 3%.
5. Resinous balsam (Canada balsam): 10%.
6. Accelerator solution & color: 5%.
7. Retarders –Glycerin & petrolatum.
27
 Resinous balsam is the resinous exudate (or
sap), which forms on certain kinds of trees and
shrubs
 Diatomaceous Earth a soft, crumbly, porous
sedimentary deposit formed from the fossil
remains of diatoms.
 Kaolin, or China clay, is nearly white in color
 The Polymerized Rosin is yellow translucent
irregular solid made from Gum rosin by sulphric
acid and chloride zinc process.

28
 The 2 pastes come in contrasting colours and
are dispensed in a 1:1 ratio. They are mixed to
give a paste of even colour.

29
 SETTING REACTION: -
 Setting reaction consists of zinc oxide hydrolysis and
a subsequent reaction between zinc hydroxide and
eugenol to form a chelate.
 Water is needed to initiate the reaction and it is also
the by-product of the reaction. Hence the reaction is
called as an autocatalytic reaction.
 Hence the reaction occurs more rapidly in humid
environment.
 The setting reaction is accelerated by the presence of
zinc acetate dihydrate, which can supply zinc ions
more readily. Acetic acid is a more active catalyst for
the reaction. High atmospheric temperatures also
accelerate the setting reaction.
30
31
 MANIPULATION
 The mixing of two pastes is generally
accomplished on an oil-impervious paper or
a glass mixing slab usually the equal length
of each paste be dispensed onto the mixing
pad,
A flexible stainless steel spatula is typically
used for the mixing procedure. The mixing
is continued for approximately one min or
as directed by the manufacturer.

32
 The mixture is spread over the preliminary
impression and the tray is carried into the
mouth in the usual manner.
 The impression should be held firmly in position
until material has thoroughly hardened.
 The accelerating action of saliva on the surface
of the tissues may cause the adjacent surface
of the impression to harden first.
 Any disturbance to this stage will result in
warpage.
 only when the material has completely
hardened, should the impression be removed
from the mouth. 33
 SETTING TIME
 In general they set more quickly at higher
temperature and humidities.
 Product with long setting time are usually
more affected by changes of temperature and
humidity than product with short setting time.
 Clinically this indicate that this materials set
more promptly in the mouth than on the
mixing pad and hot humid condition in the
office results in a short working time.
 As such setting time is important since there
must be sufficient time mixing and seating the
impression tray. Once the material in a plastic
condition has been carried to the mouth only
minimal time should elapse before the
impression hardens.
Two setting times ,
Initial and
Final are recognized by the ADA no16 for
dental impression pastes.
also two types of pastes are designated –
Type 1(hard) and
Type 2 (soft) .
the difference between the two type is related to their
hardness after setting.
 Initial setting time
 Is the period from the beginning of mixing
until the material ceases to pull away or string
out when it surface is touched with metal rod
of specified dimension.
 The impression materials should be seated in
the mouth before the initial set, the final set
occurs when the rod fails to penetrate the
surface of the specimen more than 0.2 mm
under a load of 50 gm.
 The initial set may vary between 3 to 6 min,
whereas final set should occur within 10 min,
for type 1 and 15 min for type ii pastes.
36
CONTROL OF SETTING TIME
If paste sets too slowly, a small amount of
zinc acetate or other accelerators may be added.
Also a small drop of water may be mixed
into the paste containing eugenol before
blending.
When setting time is too short, cooling the
spatula and mixing slab may help increase the
setting time provided the temperature is not
below the dew point.(low temp setting time
becomes longer).
The mixing time affects the setting time to a
very limited extent. The longer the mixing time,
shorter will be the setting time.
 NON EUGENOL PASTE
One of the chief disadvantage of ZoE
pastes is the possible stinging or burning
sensation caused by eugenol when it
contacts soft tissues.
Furthermore the ZoE reaction is never
completed, with the result that the free
eugenol may leach out.
Some patients find the taste of eugenol
extremly disagreable and in patients
who wear a surgical pack for several
weeks a chronic gastric disturbance may
result .
 Almost any carboxylic acid reacts with
zinc oxide, but only few such acids provide
compound of dental interests.
Orthoethoxybenzoic acid (OEO) is used
in this regard.
The non eugenol cements do not adhere
well to preformed metal crowns as the
eugenol containing cements, and they are
slower setting.
The non-eugenol cements do not soften
provisional acrylic crowns.
 CONSISTENCY & FLOW:
Material should be
1. Homogenous.
2. Flow uniformly.
3. Mucostatic.
4. Flow related to setting time.

40
 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY: -
The dimensional stability of impression
pastes is quite satisfactory. A negligible
shrinkage (<0.1%) may occur during
hardening. Impressions can be preserved
indefinitely* without change in shape.

* Provided the tray material meet the

dimensional stablity criteria

41
 ADVANTAGES:-
1. Adheres well to tray.
2. It is sufficiently fluid to record fine details of tissues.
3. Does not undergo any dimensional change during setting
process.
4. Has adequate working time & setting time.
5. Sufficient resistance.
6. It is compatible with gypsum products.
7. No separating medium required for gypsum products.
8. It has A satisfactory shelf life.
9. It is non-toxic.

42
 DISADVANTAGES:-
1. Burning/tingling sensation of eugenol is
a major disadvantage.
2. Persistent taste of eugenol added
disadvantage.
3. As it adheres to tissues, lips should be
coated with petrolatum jelly.

43
 Impression Materials

Rigid Non Rigid/Elastic

Impression Plaster Agar Agar

Impression Compound Alginate

Zinc Oxide Eugenol

Elastomeric
Impression
Materials

Are those that remain in an elastic or flexible state after they have set and
have been removed from the mouth
 Hydrocolloids
 Reversible vs. irreversible hydrocolloids
 All hydrocolloids are dimensionally stable only
during a brief period of time
 They are hydrophilic materials so can gain water
and expand (imbibition), so must not be immersed
in water
 They lose water rapidly and shrink if exposed to
air
 Hydrocolloids

 The principal difference between reversible and

irreversible hydrocolloids is that reversible
hydrocolloid convert from the gel form to sol by
application of heat , it may be revert to gel form
while irreversible hydrocolloids become a gel via
a chemical reaction and this change is irreversible
 INTRODUCTION
 At the end of last century ,a chemist from
scotland noticed that certain brown
seaweeds (algae) yield a peculiar mucous
extraction.
 He named it “algin”. This natural substance
was later identified as anhydrous β-D-
mannuronic acid (alginic acid)

47
 TYPES
 Type1-fast setting- 1.5-3 min
 Type 2-normal setting- 3-4.5min

 MODE OF SUPPLY
 It is supplied as powder that is packed.
a. in bulk or in tins, or in sachets or
b. in pre weighed individual containers
 A plastic scoop is supplied, or dispensing the
bulk powder and a plastic and a plastic cylinder
is supplied for measuring the water required for
the bulk or the pre weighed alginate powder.

48
 COMPOSITION
 The chief ingredient is the soluble alginate
such as the potassium alginate or tri-ethanal-
amine alginate when mixed with water they
form a viscous gel.
 Calcium sulfate dehydrate is used as a
reactor. They react with the soluble alginate
to form an in-soluble calcium alginate gel.

49
 A TYPICAL MANUFACTURE’S FORMULA
FOR THE ALGINATE AS FOLLOWS
COMPONENT FUNCTION WEIGHT

Potassium alginate Soluble alginate 15%

Calcium sulfate reactor 16%
Diatomaceous earth filler 60%
Zinc oxide filler 04%
Potassium titanium fluoride accelerator 03%
Sodium phosphate retarder 02%
Coloring and
Flavoring agent traces

50
 GELATION PROCESS
 The typical sol-gel reaction can be described
simply as a reaction of soluble alginate with
calcium sulfate to form an in soluble calcium
alginate gel.
 the production of calcium alginate is so rapid
that it does not allow sufficient working time,
thus a third water soluble salt, such as tri
sodium phosphate, is added to prolong the
working time .

51
 Hydrocolloids
 They should be poured immediately no more than
15 minutes delay and stored during this period in
a saturated atmosphere (wrapping impression in
a damp paper towel)
 Hydrocolloids exhibit a phenomenon known as
syneresis , which is associated with the giving off
a mucinous exudates that will affect the gypsum
material and produce soft or chalky cast surface
 This can be prevented by pouring the cast
immediately and using some chemical
accelerators as potassium sulfate.*
 The strategy is that the calcium sulfate will react
with the tri sodium phosphate in preference to the
sodium alginate and delay the formation of the
soluble calcium alginate .the reaction is as follows.

2Na3Po4 + 3CaSo4 → Ca3(Po4)2 + 3Na2So4

 When the trisodium phosphate is exhausted, the
calcium ions begin to react with the potassium
alginate to produce alginate as follows.

 K2nAlg + nCaSo4 → nK2So4 + Can Alg

53
 GEL STRUCTURE
 The gel structure can be envisioned as a
brush heap of calcium alginate fibril network
enclosing unreacted sodium alginate sol,
excess water, filler particles and reaction by
products, such as sodium sulfate and calcium
phosphate.

54
 Advantages of Alginate

 Pour well with stone

 Pleasant taste, odor, nontoxic, nonstaining and
inexpensive
Disadvantages of Alginate
 Low tear strength

 Provide less surface details than other

materials

 Not dimensionally stable

Disadvantages of Alginate
 Gelation reaction takes place next to the tissues
and any movement of the tray during setting will
result in internal stresses that will cause
impression distortion

 It must be introduced to the mouth at

approximately 70 F which result in an immediate
increase in the viscosity and surface tension , air
bubbles are harder to dispel and so more air will
be trapped than in a reversible impression.
Precautions to be Observed in the
Handling of Hydrocolloid Impressions
 Should not be exposed to air
 Should not be immersed in water
 Mucinous exudate has a retarding effect
on the chemical reaction of gypsum
products *
 Should be protected from dehydration
by placing it in a humid atmosphere or
wrapping in a damp paper towel
Mercaptan rubber – base impression
materials (Polysulfide, Thiokol)
 It can be used for RPD impressions
especially for altered cast technique or
secondary impression

 To be accurate the impression must have a

uniform thickness that does not exceed 3mm
Mercaptan rubber – base
 Materials that are highly cross_ linked
(medium and heavy body ) do not recover
well from deformation and should not be
used in large multiple undercuts

 The long term dimensional stability is poor

because of water loss

 It should be left for 7 to 15 minutes to

rebound from deformation after it is removed
from mouth
Mercaptan rubber – base
 High tear strength

 Long working , setting time (8 to 10 minutes)

 Because of long setting time they lend

themselves better to border molding in adequate
supporting trays more than hydrocolloids
Mercaptan rubber – base
Mercaptan rubber – base
Polyether impression materials
 Excellent accuracy and wetting
 Good dimensional stability
 Very good shelf life (~ 5years, less in
warm conditions)
 Thixotropic *
Polyether impression materials
 Low to moderate tear strength
 Flexibility is the lowest of any of the elastic
impression materials, this limits its use in
RPD impressions
 Shorter working time than PVS silicones
 Stiff material may lead to breakage of cast on
removal of cast from impression
 Unpleasant taste
 Higher permanent deformation than
polyvinyl siloxanes
Polyether impression materials
 Polyether impression materials are not
compatible with polyvinyl siloxane, so
should not be used with polyvinyl siloxane
custom tray

 The material absorb water, must not be

stored in water
Polyether impression materials
 The material should be poured within 2
hours; but if they are kept dry, acceptable
casts can be poured within 7 days
Polyether impression materials
Silicone impression materials
There are two types of silicone impression
material :

Condensation silicones ( polysiloxanes )

Addition reaction silicones (polyvinyl
siloxanes)
 Condensation silicones
( polysiloxanes )
 5 to 7 minutes working time that can be altered
by adjusting the amount of accelerator
 Pleasant odor
 High tear strength
 Excellent recovery from deformation
 Should be poured within 1-2 hours
Addition reaction silicones
( polyvinyl siloxanes )

 Can be poured within up to 1 week

 Thixotropic
 Sulfur in latex gloves and in ferric and
aluminum sulfate retraction solution may
inhibit polymerization
 Available in hydrophilic and hydrophobic
forms
Addition reaction silicones
( polyvinyl siloxanes )
 The working time 3 to 5 minutes , can be
adjusted with the use of retarders and
temperature control
Addition reaction silicones
( polyvinyl siloxanes )
 hydrophobic can make cast formation a
problem

 More expensive than other elastic

impression materials
 Addition reaction silicones
 The most accurate of the elastic impression material

 Less polymerization shrinkage

 Low distortion, fast recovery from deformation

 High tear strength

 No smell, no taste
Step-by-step Procedure for Making
Alginate Impression
Tray Selection
 Large enough with 5mm
of clearance to provide a
4- to 5-mm thickness of
impression material
between the teeth &
tissue, & the tray
 Hydrocolloid requires
bulk for accuracy,
strength and stability
 Build up the palatal
portion of the maxillary
impression tray with
wax or modeling
plastic *
 Material can be
syringed into the palate
 Smooth with a finger,
or voids may occur
 The lingual flange of
the mandibular tray
may need to be
lengthened with wax in
the retromylohyoid
area or to be extended
posteriorly, but it rarely
ever needs to be
lengthened elsewhere
Place the measured
amount of water (at
70° F) in a clean,
dry, rubber mixing
bowl (600-ml
capacity). Add the
correct measure of
powder
Stir rapidly against
the side of the bowl
with a short, stiff
spatula. This
should be
accomplished in
less than 1 minute.
 Place the patient in an upright
position, with the arch to be
impressed nearly parallel to the floor.
 Ask the patient to rinse his or her
mouth with cool water to eliminate
excess saliva while the impression
material is being mixed and the tray
is being loaded.
 After loading the tray, remove the
gauze with the topical anesthetic
and quickly place (rub) some of the
impression material on any critical
areas using your finger (areas such
as rest preparations and abutment
teeth).
 Place the anterior portion of the
tray first, then seat the posterior
of the tray
 Mold the vestibular area
 Pull on the cheeks and lips to
activate muscles and frena
 Support the tray
during setting - do
not leave the
patient
 Movement causes
distortion *
 Once seal broken, remove
quickly (to avoid permanent
deformation)
 Evaluate impression
 Pour within 15 minutes
 Rinse thoroughly with water
 Gently shake to remove excess
water
 Spray with disinfectant to
coat all surfaces, and seal
in a bag for 15 minutes
Common Pitfalls and Solutions in
Impression Making
Common Pitfalls and Solutions in
Impression Making
Common Pitfalls and Solutions in
Impression Making
Common Pitfalls and Solutions in
Impression Making
Common Pitfalls and Solutions in
Impression Making
Common Pitfalls and Solutions in
Impression Making
 Pitfall: Removing tray improperly.
 Solution: Don’t use handle, and break
suction over premolar area and pull tray
down.

Reference: Impression taking: common pitfalls and solutions.

Oct 28, 2011 By Hollie Bryant, DA II
Pouring a Model
 A more abrasive resistant Type IV stone
should be used to form removable partial
denture casts.
 Casts should be a minimum of 16-18 mm
in thinnest part
 Separate the alginate impression from the
stone cast after 30 minutes *
Trimming Casts

 Trim the base on the

model trimmer
parallel to the
residual ridges
 Leave the vestibular
reflection intact for
making a custom tray
Trimming Casts

 All anatomical surfaces

should be included with
minimum voids
Possible Causes of an Inaccurate and/or a
Weak Cast of a Dental Arch
1. Distortion of the hydrocolloid impression
(a) by use of an impression tray that is
not rigid; (b) by partial dislodgment from
the tray; (c) by shrinkage caused by
dehydration; (d) by expansion caused by
imbibition
Possible Causes of an Inaccurate and/or a
Weak Cast of a Dental Arch
2. A ratio of water to powder that is too high.
Although this may not cause volumetric
changes in the size of the cast, it will
result in a weak cast.
3. Improper mixing. This also results in a
weak cast or one with a chalky surface.
4. Trapping of air, either in the mix or in
pouring, because of insufficient vibration.
Possible Causes of an Inaccurate and/or a
Weak Cast of a Dental Arch
5. Soft or chalky cast surface that results
from the retarding action of the
hydrocolloid or the absorption of
necessary water for crystallization by the
dehydrating hydrocolloid.
6. Premature separation of the cast from the
impression.
7. Failure to separate the cast from the
impression for an extended period.
Individual Impression Trays for
Making Alginate Secondary
Impression
 Adapt one layer of baseplate wax over the tissue
surfaces and teeth of the cast to serve as a spacer for
impression material
 The wax spacer should be trimmed 2 to 3 mm short of the
outline drawn
 The posterior palatal seal region is not covered by wax
but will be included in finished tray *
 Adapt an additional layer of baseplate wax over the teeth
if the impression is to be made in irreversible
hydrocolloid. This step is not necessary if the choice of
impression material is a rubber-base or silicone type of
material.
 A window is created in wax spacer over incisal edges
acting as anterior stop *
Holes are drilled through tray,
spaced approximately 5 mm
apart.* These holes will
serve to lock impression
material in tray. In addition,
excess impression material is
forced out of holes when
impression is made, thereby
minimally displacing soft oral
tissues. *
 The technique for making an individual
mandibular resin tray follows the same
procedures. The wax spacer does not
cover the buccal shelf regions, because
these areas provide the primary support
for the mandibular removable partial
denture and serve as posterior stops in
orienting the tray in the patient's mouth.*
 Final impressions for maxillary tooth-
supported removable partial dentures
often may be made in carefully selected
and recontoured rigid stock impression
trays.
 An individual acrylic resin tray is
preferred in those situations in the
mandibular arch when the floor of the
mouth closely approximates the lingual
gingiva of remaining anterior teeth.
 Recording the floor of the mouth at the
elevation it assumes is important in
selecting the type of major connector to
be used
Impression Materials for the Partially
Edentulous Arch

 Materials that could be permanently

deformed by removal from teeth or
tissue undercuts should not be used,
these include *:
• Thermoplastic impression
materials,
• Rigid impression materials,
• Rubber base materials that
are highly cross-linked when
large or multiple undercuts exist
Impression Materials for the Partially
Edentulous Arch

The final anatomic (one-stage)

impression usually will be made with
irreversible hydrocolloid, mercaptan
rubber, or silicone impression
materials.
Use irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate)
for one-piece final impression
References
McCracken's Removable Partial
Prosthodontics, Impression Materials
and Procedures for Removable Partial
Dentures
What Happens if One-stage Anatomic Impression
Tech. is Made for Distal Extension RPD?

A distal extension RPD

fabricated from a one stage
impression which only records
the anatomic form of basal
seat tissue, places more of
the masticatory load on the
abutment teeth and that part
of the bone that underlies the
distal end of the extension
base. *
What Types of Impression Techniques
Should be Made for Distal Extension RPD?

1. Functional impression tech.

2. Selective pressure "dynamic"
impression technique *
How could you make selective pressure
"dynamic" impression technique?

By fabricating a specially designed

individual tray, you could control the
flow of impression material by:
o Amount of wax relief
o Venting
Impression Tech. for Distal Extension
Bases (Mandibular)
 Since the goal is to maximize soft tissue
support and also use teeth to their
supportive advantage, a secondary
impression (selective pressure) made in
custom trays attached to the framework
is a means to coordinate both (Altered
cast tech) *
Altered Cast Technique

 Corrected Cast
 Modified Cast
Altered Cast Impressions
 Impression of residual ridge
 Custom impression tray attached
to the framework
Purpose

 Provide maximum support for distal

extens.RPD
 More accurate relationship between
abutments & ridge
 Equalize stress between ridge & abutments
 Minimize tissueward movement of distal
extension base
 Maintain occlusal contact between both
natural & artificial dentition
 Correct peripheral adaptation
When Needed?

 Class I & II - relationship most

needed
 Extensive Class III & IV cases
 Tooth mobility + compressible
mucosa
 Less necessary in maxilla
Procedure
1. Well Fitting Framework
2. Place relief over ridge

 1 mm wax relief
 Heat and fully seat the framework
3. Separator (Tinfoil substitute (Alcote) or model
release agent) +Acrylic tray adaptation
4. Check Seating

 Ifnot seated, remove,

repeat
 Rests fully seated
 Tissue stop contacts cast
 Metal adjacent abutment
contacts cast
 No resistance as framework
seated
5. Check Peripheries
 2-3 mm short of vestibule
 No displacement when:
 Pull on cheeks, lips
 Patient activates tongue
6. Border Mold

 Simulate final denture border

7. Make Altered Cast Impression
 Ensure tray is well
retained by framework
 Remove wax spacer
 Coat tray with adhesive
If you want to make
impression with addition
silicone
Altered Cast Impression Material

 Polyvinyl siloxane (Light or medium body)

OR
 Metallic oxide paste impression material

Carefully load tray

No material under rests, guiding planes, max.
major connector, etc.
Seat with pressure over Rests
No Pressure Over Gridwork

 Fulcruming or tissue
compression
 Spring back and lack of tissue
contact
8. Remove & Inspect Impression

 Absence of voids
 Minimal burnthrough
 Covers supporting
tissues
 Fully seated, etc.
 9. Send to Laboratory
 Lab Steps
 Section residual ridge from
cast
 Ensure no contact between
impression & cast
 Place retentive grooves in
cast
 Sticky wax in place
Lab Steps
 Box impression
 Ensure water tight seal
 Seal retainer, major &
minor connector borders
 Pour new ridge areas in
different color stone
Pour new ridge areas in different color
stone
Problems with the Altered Cast
Technique

 If tray is added carelessly, it can

alter passive relationship
 Excess impression material under
framework
 If inadequately sealed, stone over
teeth, can’t articulate model
Why is the altered cast method most
commonly used for mandibular distal
extension RPD not for maxillary?
Why is the altered cast method seldom
used in the maxillary arch?
 Record Base for Wax Setup
 Place Denture Base
 Hard baseplate wax
○ Easier to remove during
processing
○ Can melt or distort
 Acrylic resin
○ Harder to remove
○ More rigid and stable for jaw
relation
Jaw Relation Records

 Mount Casts on Articulators

 Centric Record
○ Maxilla to mandible position
 Protrusive Record
○ Program articulator for excursions
References
 McCracken’s Removable
Prosthodontics, 11th Edition 2005 by
McGivney GP, Carr AB. Chapter 16
 Dalhousie continual education
Factors Influencing Support of the Distal
Extension Base
1. Contour and quality of the residual ridge
2. Extent of residual ridge coverage by the
denture base
3. Type and accuracy of the impression
registration
4. Accuracy of the fit of the denture base
5. Design of RPD framework
6. Total occlusal load applied
Contour and Quality of the Residual Ridge
(Mandibular)
Contour and Quality of the Residual Ridge
(Maxillary)
Contour and Quality of the Residual Ridge

 The immediate crest of the bone of the maxillary

residual ridge may consist primarily of cancellous
bone. Unlike in the mandible, oral tissue that overlies
the maxillary residual alveolar bone is usually of a
firm, dense nature (similar to the mucosa of the hard
palate) or can be surgically prepared to support a
denture base.
Extent of Residual Ridge Coverage by the
Denture Base
Design of RPD Framework

Mesial Rest Concept

 Provides axis of rotation that directs
applied forces in more vertical direction
so more of residual ridge receives
vertically directed occlusal forces to
support denture base
 Will tend to tip terminal abutment tooth
mesially & thus be reinforced by other
adjacent teeth
Total Occlusal Load Applied

 The number of artificial teeth, the width of

their occlusal surfaces, and their occlusal
efficiency influence the total occlusal load
applied to RPD
 Kaires concluded "the reduction of the size
of the occlusal table reduces the vertical
and horizontal forces that act on RPD &
lessens the stress on the abutment teeth &
supporting tissue
Total Occlusal Load Applied
Type and Accuracy of the Impression
Registration

Comparison of anatomic and functional ridge forms. Original mandibular

cast showing left residual ridge area recorded in its anatomic form. Buccal
shelf region is outlined. Right: same cast after left residual ridge area has
been repoured to its functional form as recorded by secondary impression.
Functional form is less irreqular *
References
 McCracken’s Removable
Prosthodontics, 11th Edition 2005 by
McGivney GP, Carr AB. Chapter 16