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MATERIAL SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
Stone age Bronze age Iron age Steel age New Material age
WHAT IS MATERIALS
SCIENCE and
ENGINEERING (MSE)?
MATERIALS SCIENCE
–The discipline of investigating the
relationships that exist between
the structures and properties of
materials.
What is a material scientist?
A materials scientist develops or synthesizes
new materials. He or she uses his/her
combined knowledge of physics, chemistry
and metallurgy to exploit property-structure
combinations for practical use.
MATERIALS ENGINEERING
– The discipline of property
correlations, designing or
engineering the structure of a
material to produce a
predetermined set of properties
based on established structure-
property correlation.
– A materials engineer is called upon
to create new products or systems
using existing materials and/or
develop techniques for processing
materials.
Classes of Materials
• metals
• ceramics
• composites
Classes of Materials
MATERIALS
NON-
FERROUS
FERROUS
LOW HIGH
ALLOY ALLOY
STAINLESS
STEEL
TOOL
STEEL
Ferrous Materials - Steels
• Steels - alloys of iron-carbon. STEELS
May contain other alloying
elements. LOW HIGH
• Several grades are available. ALLOY ALLOY
• Low Alloy (<10 wt%)
–Low Carbon (<0.25 wt% C) LOW
STAINLESS
–Medium Carbon (0.25 to 0.60 wt%) CARBON
–High Carbon (0.6 to 1.4 wt%)
• High Alloy MEDIUM
TOOL
–Stainless Steel (> 11 wt% Cr) CARBON
–Tool Steel
HIGH
CARBON
• Low Carbon Steel
• Plain carbon steels - very low content of alloying elements
• and small amounts of Mn.
• Most abundant grade of steel is low carbon steel - greatest
• quantity produced; least expensive.
• Not responsive to heat treatment; cold working needed to
• improve the strength.
• Good Weldability and machinability
• High Strength, Low Alloy (HSLA) steels - alloying elements
• (like Cu, V, Ni and Mo) up to 10 wt %; have higher strengths
• and may be heat treated.
Low carbon steel
Minirib Duraweb
Durarib
SteelAsia Products
Rebar
CERAMICS
CERAMICS
REFRACTORY
ABRASIVES GLASS
MATERIALS
Ceramics
• Consist of metal and non metal
elements
• Typically a mixture of elements in the
form of a chemical compound , for
example Al2O3 or glass
• Bonding: covalent – ionic
– Typically covalent. In some cases
highly direction covalent bonding
– Ionic in case of SiO2 glasses and slags
– Usually mixed covalent-ionic bonding
Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory)
– compounds of metallic & non-
metallic elements (Oxides, nitrides,
and carbides)
– Brittle, hard
– non-conducting (insulators)
Properties of Ceramics
– wear resistant (hard)
– chemical stability: corrosion resistant
– high temperature strength: strength
retention at very high temperatures
– high melting points
– good insulators (dielectrics)
– adhesives
– good optical properties
Traditional ceramics
- primary raw material: clay
Advanced ceramics
-oxides (Al2O3), nitrides (Si3N4), carbides
(SiC), and many other materials
including the superconductors
- have a rather dramatic effect on our
lives
electronics, computers,
communication, aerospace
Refractory Materials
• Refractory - retains its strength at high temperatures
greater than 500°C.
• Must be chemically and physically stable at high
temperatures. Need to be resistant to thermal shock,
should be chemically inert, and have specific ranges of
thermal conductivity and thermal expansion.
• Are used in linings for furnaces, kilns, incinerators,
crucibles and reactors.
• Aluminum oxide (alumina), silicon oxide (silica), calcium
oxide (lime) magnesium oxide (magnesia) and fireclays
are used to manufacture refractory materials.
• Zirconia - extremely high temperatures.
• SiC and Carbon – also used in some very severe
temperature conditions, but cannot be used in oxygen
environment, as they will oxidize and burn.
Abrasive Ceramics
• Abrasives are used in cutting and grinding
tools.
• Diamonds - natural and synthetic, are used
as abrasives, though relatively expensive.
Industrial diamonds are hard and thermally
conductive. Diamonds unsuitable as
gemstone are used as industrial diamond
• Common abrasives – SiC, WC, Al2O3) and
silica sand.
• Either bonded to a grinding wheel or made
into a powder and used with a cloth or
paper.
Glass
• Glass - inorganic, non-crystalline (amorphous) material.
• Range - soda-lime silicate glass for soda bottles to the
extremely high purity silica glass for optical fibers.
• Widely used for windows, bottles, glasses for drinking,
transfer piping and receptacles for highly corrosive
liquids, optical glasses, windows for nuclear applications.
• The main constituent of glass is silica (SiO2). The most
common form of silica used in glass is sand.
• Sand fusion temperature is 1700 °C. Sodium carbonate,
(75% SiO2 + 25% Na2O) will reduce the fusion
temperature to 800 °C.
• Other chemicals like Calcia (CaO) and magnesia
(MgO) are used for stability. Limestone (CaCO3) and
dolomite (MgCO3) are used for this purpose as source of
CaO and MgO.
Ceramic Applications
• Window glass: Al2O3 – SiO2 – MgO – CaO
• Aerospace, energy and automotive industry
– heat shield tiles
– engine components
– reactor vessel and furnace linings
• Consumer products:
– pottery
– dishes (fine china, plates, bowls)
– glassware (cups, mugs, etc.)
– eye glass lenses
Evergreen Ceramics, Valenzuela City
COMPOSITES
Composites:
- Composed of two or more individual
materials (metals, ceramics, polymers)
- designed to display a combination of
the best characteristics of each of the
component materials
Strength Flexibility
Carbon
fiber
composites
+
Carbon Fiber Epoxy
Composites
• Bonding:
depends on type of composite
(strong-covalent, medium-solid
solution, weak-tertiary phase
layer)
Properties: Depends on composites