Professional Documents
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Communication Systems
Chapter One
Summary
Used Acronyms
Transfer of information (voice, data, and multimedia) over a distance without the use of electrical wires
Distances involved may be
• Short: e.g., remote control or
• Long: e.g., satellite communication
Information is transmitted using electromagnetic waves(EMW)
• Suitable frequencies are:
Is a broadcast medium
Multiple access methods are required
Transmissions are prone to interference
Wireless channel is unpredictable: e.g., mobility
• System design is more challenging in wireless than in wired communication
• Additional channel optimization techniques are required.
Adaptive modulation and equalization
Coding and diversity
Wired Vs Wireless
• Attenuation is low
• Attenuation is high
• Interference is nil: each wire is a separate medium/channel
• Interference is high (co- and adjacent channel, from engines, lightning,
• No Mobility fading due to movement)
• Delay in New Connections • No knots, no digging to lay cables
• Security Hazards
• Clumsy, costly, no mobility
• Prone to Failures ( Line Disconnection, etc )
• Very less value added services
Merits of Wireless Communication
Free from wires
• No cost of installing wires or rewiring
• No bunches of wires running here and there
• Instantaneous communication without the need for physical connection setup (Bluetooth,
WI-Fi, WiMAX)
• These reasons drive the market ….
• Various emerging standards….IEEE 802.11, .15, .16, .20
Global coverage
• Communications can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly rural areas, old buildings,
battle fields, outer space, vehicular communications, RFIDs
• Wireless Ad-hoc Networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks
Stay connected
• Roaming: allows flexibility to stay connected anywhere and anytime
• Rapidly growing market attests to public need for mobility and uninterrupted access
Flexibility
Stay connected: Any one, anywhere, anytime!
Services reach you wherever you go (mobility)
• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your mail
Connect to multiple devices simultaneously (no need for physical connectivity)
• Increasing dependence on telecommunication services for business and personal reasons
• Consumers and businesses are willing to pay for it
Challenges of Wireless Communication
Bandwidth
Scares spectrum and dictates low data rates
Efficient use of finite radio spectrum
• E.g., cellular frequency reuse, medium access control protocols, MIMO systems instead of single
TX/RX antenna systems…
Reliability
Low data rate because of interference
Need interference minimizing or mitigating techniques
Power Management
Mobility brings about battery operation
Need efficient hardware, e.g., low power transmitters, receivers, and signal processing tools
Security problem
Shared/broadcast medium => low security
Privacy and authentication needed
Consumer side challenges
Providing integrated services
Voice, data, multimedia over a single network
Service differentiation, priorities, resource scheduling
Network supports user mobility
User location identification
Handover analysis
Impact of wireless channels: Fading & Doppler
Multipath leads to signal superposition at receiving antennas
High probability of data corruption: need for diversity schemes
Quality of service (QoS)
Unreliable links
Traffic patterns and network conditions constantly change
Regulatory issues
Spectral allocation/regulation heavily impacts the evolution of wireless technologies
Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R
Some spectrum set aside for universal use
Cost & efficiency, …..
History of Wireless Communication Systems
FM has been the primary modulation technique for mobile communication systems
until late 80
1979 : NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
1982: Start of GSM-specification
Goal: Pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983 : Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog)
1984 : CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
1991 : Specification of DECT
Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption,
authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries.
1992 : Start of GSM
In D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
Automatic location, hand-over, cellular
Roaming: in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries
Services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
1996 : HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
Recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks
(up to 155Mbit/s)
1997: Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
Already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
1998: Specification of GSM successors
For UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000
1998 : Iridium
66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
Radio Transmission
Easily generated, Omni-directionally travel long distances
Easily penetrate buildings
Problems
Frequency dependent
Relatively low-bandwidth for data communication
Tightly licensed by governments
Microwave Transmission
Widely used for long distance communications
Give a high SNR ratio
Relatively inexpensive
Problems
Don’t pass through building well: LOS communication
Weather and frequency dependent
Infrared and Millimeter Wave Transmission
Widely used for millimeter waves : above 30 GHz
Unable to pass through solid objects
Used for indoor Wireless LANs, not for outdoors: 10m range
May need a production of new devices
Light Wave Transmission
Unguided optical signal, such as laser
Connect two LANs in two buildings via laser mounted on the roofs
Unidirectional, easy to install, don’t require license
Problems
Unable to penetrate rain or thick fog
Laser beam can be easily diverted by turbulent air
An emerging wireless communication technology that can transmit data around 100 Mb/s (up to 1000 Mb/s)
UWB transmits ultra-low power radio signals with very narrow pulses (nanoseconds)
Because of its low power requirements, UWB is very difficult to detect (hence secure)
Why UWB?
Exceptional multi-path immunity
Low power consumption
Large bandwidth
Secure communications
Low interference
No need for license to operate
Trends in Cellular Radio Communication Systems
First Generation (1G)
Analog systems, mostly FM
• E.g., NMT, AMPS
Voice traffic
FDMA/FDD multiple access
Digital
Voice + high-rate data service
Also multimedia transmission
Summary