Professional Documents
Culture Documents
’’Morphology’’
Group 4
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
UNIVERSITY OF PALANGKA RAYA
2018
Chapter 1
Definition of
Language and Language
Morphology Language is a tool of human communication
either spoken or written. In language, there
are many regulation, like how we make or
construct a sentence from phrase and word, so
that our language well and the other people
understand what we say.
.
Non-words with unpredictable meaning
is something that is clearly larger than a word
(two or more words) may have meaning that is
not entirely predictable from the meaning of
words that composed it.
Example :
a bed of roses.( It means living in luxury. )
a bad egg. (It means a bad guy. )
Chapter 3
A word and its part
: roots, affixes, and
their shapes
3.1 Taking words apart
The morphemes in the word helpfulness, just discussed, do not all have
the same status. Help, -ful and -ness are not simply strung together like
beads on a string. Rather, the core, or starting-point, for the formation
of this word is help; the morpheme -ful is then added to form helpful,
which in turn is the basis for the formation of helpfulness. In using the
word ‘then’ here, I am not referring to the historical sequence in which
the words help, helpful and helpfulness came into use
Chapter 3
A word and its part
: roots, affixes, and
their shapes
3.2 Kinds of morpheme:
bound versus free
all of which consist uncontroversially of two
morphemes,
separated by a hyphen:
read-able leg-ible
hear-ing audi-ence
en-large magn-ify
perform-ance rend-ition
white-ness clar-ity
dark-en obfusc-ate
seek-er applic-ant
Chapter 3
A word and its part
: roots, affixes, and
their shapes
3.3 Kinds of morpheme:
root, affix, combining
form
The root of a complex word is usually free. Of the non-root morphemes in
the words that we have looked at so far, those that precede the root (like
en- in enlarge) are called prefixes, while those that follow it are called
suffixes (like -ance in performance, -ness in whiteness, and -able in
readable).
Chapter 4
A word and its
forms: inflection 4.1 Words and grammar:
lexemes, word forms and
grammatical words
- The dancer performs in the local bar every weekend
- The dancer performed at Paris Suave Dance Festival last night.
- The performance was extraordinary
What happens in sentence (1) and (2) is the process of word formation
called inflection
Mice Mouse
Children Child
Men Are irregular Man
Feet plurar form of : Foot
Geese Goose
Chapter 4
A word and its
forms: inflection 4.2 Regular and irregular
inflection
Suppletion vs Allomorph
Root Suppletion
Chapter 4
A word and its
forms: inflection 4.3 Forms of nouns
Compounds are words which are formed by combining roots, and the
much smaller category of phrasal words. It will be a little bit difficult to
differentiate whether a pair of such roots constitutes a compound word
or a phrase, but there are enough clear cases to show that the distinction
between compounds and phrases is valid.
Chapter 6
Compound word,
blend and
phrasal words 6.2 Compounds Verbs
In Chapter 6 we saw that most compounds are headed, with the head on
the right. Superficially these two facts are unconnected. Consider, however,
the role played by the head house of a compound such as greenhouse. As
head, house determines the compound’s syntactic status (as a noun), and
also its meaning, inasmuch as a greenhouse is a kind of house for plants.
This is very like the role played by the suffix -er in the derived word teacher:
it determines that teacher is a noun, unlike its base, the verb teach, and it
contributes the meaning ‘someone who Xs’, where the semantic blank X is
here filled in by teach.
Chapter 7
A WORD AND ITS
STRUCTURE 7.1 Meaning and Structure
In Chapter 2 it was pointed out that many words have meanings that are
predictable, more or less, on the basis of their components. Some words
are so predictable, indeed, that they do not have to be listed as lexical
items. This predictability of meaning depends on how the structure of
complex word forms guides their interpretation. Even with words that
are lexically listed, unless their meaning is entirely different from what
one might expect, such guidance is relevant.
In some words, structure is straightforward. For example, the lexeme
helpful, already discussed in Chapter 5, is derived from the noun base
help by means of the adjective-forming suffix -ful . Because there are
only two elements in this word form, it may seem there is not much to
say about its structure.
Chapter 7
A WORD AND ITS
STRUCTURE 7.3 More elaborate word forms:
multiple affixation
Many derived words contain more than one affix. Examples are
unhelpfulness and helplessness. Imagine now that the structure of these
words is entirely ‘flat’: that is, that they each consist of merely a string of
affixes plus a root, no portions of the string being grouped together as a
substring or smaller constituent within the word. The flat-structure
approach misses a crucial observation. Unhelpfulness contains the suffix
-ful only by virtue of the fact that it contains (in some sense) the
adjective helpful. Likewise, helplessness contains -less by virtue of the
fact that it contains helpless.
Chapter 8
Productivity
-Semantic blocking.
-Productivity in compounding.
Morphology
Morhology? What's that?
Morpheme
- Free Morphemes
1. Lexical
2. Functional
-Bound Morphemes
1. Derivational
2. Inflectional