ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

To compare 3 or more groups, the Analysis of Variance or

ANOVA is used.
The same assumptions underlying the populations are
considered in this ANOVA or F test: that the samples are random
samples independently drawn from the distributions that are normal:
and that the variances of the populations from which the samples
are drawn the same.

The ANOVA process is as follows:

Example:
Participants were randomly selected and divided into three
groups for the purpose of testing three different methods of weight
reduction. One method used exercise, one method used dietary
techniques, and another method used a standard drug treatment. The
reduction in weight (in Pounds) was recorded after a 6-month period.
The results are as follows:
Diet Exercise Drug
15 10 7
12 12 6
10 8 8
11 9 6
12
a. Is there a significant variation in the data to reject the hypothesis
at 0.05
To solve, the table is set up with the variables represented by X as.

Diet Exercise Drug

15 10 7 225 100 49
12 12 6 144 144 36
10 8 8 100 64 64
11 9 6 121 81 36
12 144

t=9.69

Nt=13
ΣXt=126
Sum of Squares Total:

Sum of Squares between

Sum of the square Within:
SSw = SSt-SSb
K= number of groups = 3
SSw = 86.77 – 61.27 = 25.5

Source of SS Df MS F
Variation
Between 61.27 (k-1) = 2 SS/df = MSb/MSw=12.014
Groups 30.635
Within 25.5 (N-k) = 10 SS/df =
Groups 2.550
Total 86.77 (N-1) = 12
Test of the significance of F

Hypothesis on the differences among treatments (rows)

Df numerator = 2df. Denominator = 10; α = .05

Critical value : (Use Appendix G)

If F≥4.10, reject the Ho
If F<4.10, Accept the Ho
Decision: Reject Ho.
Note: if the decision is reject Ho., There is a need to show the pairs where
difference lies to make the conclusion more concrete and specific.
Test after F-test
One of the best ways to show the difference is the Scheffe test.
To do the Scheffe test, identify the possible pairs and re-state the hypothesis.

The pairs are:

G1 versus G2;
G1 versus G3; and
G2 versus G3
G1 versus G2

G1 versus G3

G2 versus G3
Critical Value: 2=k-1

If F≥4.10(2) = 8.2, reject Ho

If F<8.2, Accept Ho.

Decision: G1 versus G3 makes difference.

Conclusion : Significant difference was marked by this pair

because of the F value, 24.02 Thus, there is a significance difference
shown by the groups and this was between the diet and the drug
group. The Diet group had the highest reduction in weight while
drug group had the lowest reduction based on the group means.