Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AIDS (definition)
Acquired
Immune
D eficiency
S yndrome
Kumpulan gejala yang disebabkan Menurunnya
sistem kekebalan tubuh
Modes of HIV/AIDS Transmission
Through Bodily Fluids
Blood products
Semen
Vaginal fluids
IntraVenous Drug Abuse
Sharing Needles
◦ Without sterilization Increases the chances of contracting HIV
Unsterilized blades
Through Sex
Unprotected Intercourse
Oral
Anal
Mother-to-Baby
Before Birth
During Birth
NATURAL COURSE OF HIV/AIDS
PRIMARY (ACUTE) HIV
N =160
Stage 1 - Primary
Acute (Primary) HIV
Factors Associated with High Transmission
Risk
• Unaware of HIV status
• High “viral load”
• Homogeneity of transmission-capable viral
variants
• Low titer of neutralizing antibodies - - -
+
- -
-
Stage 2 - Asymptomatic
CD4<500
Bacterial infections
Tuberculosis (TB)
Herpes Simplex
Herpes Zoster
Vaginal candidiasis
Hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS
CD4<200
Pneumocystic carinii
Toxoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Coccidiodomycosis
Cryptosporiosis
Non hodgkin’s lymphoma
CD4 <50
Disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
infection
Histoplasmosis
CMV retinitis
CNS lymphoma
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
HIV dementia
ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY: HHS GUIDELINES
500
Recommend: Strong (AII)
350
+ - + - + - + -
o Perempuan lebih rentan tertular HIV 2,5 kali dibandingkan laki-laki dan remaja putra
(UNAIDS, 2004).
o Secara fisik, bentuk organ kelamin perempuan seperti bejana terbuka memudahkan
virus masuk ke dalam vagina ketika berhubungan intim dengan lelaki positif HIV,
melalui luka kecil, lecet atau masuknya cairan sperma ke vagina.
o Secara biologis permukaan (mukosa) alat kelamin perempuan yang lebih luas
menyebabkan cairan sperma mudah terpapar ketika hubungan seksual.
o sperma yang terinfeksi HIV mempunyai konsentrasi virus yang lebih tinggi dibanding
konsentrasi HIV pada cairan vagina (Dalimoenthe, 2011)
o Akses informasi dan pendidikan pada beberapa kalangan perempuan jauh lebih rendah
sehingga mereka tidak memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup mengenai kesehatan
reproduksi, termasuk persoalan seputar HIV/AIDS dan pelayanan kesehatan yang
menjadi hak mereka.
o Posisi mereka yang rentan terhadap penularan HIV adalah orang-orang yang memiliki
daya tawar lemah, tidak berpendidikan, dan mereka yang secara sosial maupun
ekonomi tidak mandiri (Aditya, 2005).
Testing Options for HIV
Anonymous Testing
No name is used
Unique identifying number
Results issued only to test recipient
23659874515
Anonymous
Blood Detection Tests
HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
Correlates with disease progression and
response to HAART
Urine Testing
AIDS
Year 1
Antiretroviral Drugs
Abstinence
Monogamous Relationship
Protected Sex
Sterile needles
New shaving/cutting blades
UNAIDS Outcome Framework 2009–2011: nine priority areas
We can reduce sexual transmission of HIV.
We can prevent mothers from dying and babies from becoming infected with
HIV.
We can ensure that people living with HIV receive treatment.
We can prevent people living with HIV from dying of tuberculosis.
We can protect drug users from becoming infected with HIV.
We can remove punitive laws, policies, practices, stigma and discrimination
that
We can stop violence against women and girls.
We can empower young people to protect themselves from HIV.
We can enhance social protection for people affected by HIV.